Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Wear and Friction Behavior of Gr/Sn Solid Lubricated Dual Reinforced AMCs

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Silicon Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current work has been undertaken to see the effect of Gr/Sn as a solid lubricant for the development of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite (HAMCs). HAMCs were fabricated by reinforcing 10 wt% (sillimanite + ilmenite) minerals with or without 1 wt% Sn/Gr/both via stir casting technique. Optical microscopy revealed a homogenous distribution of reinforced particles with the refinement of silicon. Vicker hardness of the HAMCs showed a good interfacial bonding of particles with the matrix. The formation of porosity during fabrication of composite is ~ 1.74 %. The maximum reduction in wear rate and coefficient of friction of the HAMCs are for composite containing tin and graphite as lubrication agents. This composite exhibited a ~ 6 % less wear resistance than commercial grey cast iron specimen used in the brake rotor in the automobile industries. It seems that wear rate of composite containing tin and graphite as solid lubricants are in tune with the cast-iron. Abrasive wear was dominant at low loads and adhesive wear at high loads, as confirmed from SEM analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All the data and material incorporated in the present manuscript will be made available whenever required.

References

  1. Rohatgi P (1991) Cast aluminum-matrix composites for automotive applications. Jom 43(4):10–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03220538

  2. Garg T, Mathur P, Singhal V, Jain C, Gupta P (2014) Underwater friction stir welding: an overview. Int Rev Appl Eng Res 4(2):2248–9967

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kumar S, Sharma V, Panwar RS, Pandey OP (2012) Wear behavior of dual particle size (DPS) zircon sand reinforced aluminum alloy. Tribol Lett 47(2):231–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-012-9983-y

  4. Maurya M, Kumar S, Bajpai V (2019) Assessment of the mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composite: A review. J Reinf Plast Compos 38(6):267–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684418816379

  5. Tjong SC (2013) Processing and deformation characteristics of metals reinforced with ceramic nanoparticles. Noncrystalline Materials: Their Synthesis-Structure-Property Relationships and Applications: 269–304

  6. Rino JJ, Chandramohan D, Jebin VD (2012) Research review on corrosion behaviour of metal matrix composites. [Online]. Available: http://www.journalcra.com

  7. Radhika N, Raghu R (2019) Abrasive wear behavior of monolithic alloy, homogeneous and functionally graded aluminum (LM25/AlN and LM25/SiO2) composites. Part Sci Technol 37(1):10–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2016.1199074

  8. Kumar GBV, Pramod R, Sekhar CG, Kumar GP, Bhanumurthy T (2019) Investigation of physical, mechanical and tribological properties of Al6061–ZrO2 nano-composites. Heliyon. 5:11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02858

  9. Singla M, Dwivedi DD, Singh L, Chawla V (2015) Development of aluminium based silicon carbide particulate metal matrix composite. J Miner Mater Charact Eng 08(06):455–467. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2009.86040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Canakci A, Arslan F (2012) Abrasive wear behaviour of B4C particle reinforced Al2024 MMCs. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 63:5–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-3931-8

  11. Yilmaz O, Buytoz S (2001) Abrasive wear of Al2O3-reinforced aluminium-based MMCs. Compos Sci Technol 61(16):2381–2392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00131-2

  12. Bodunrin MO, Alaneme KK, Chown LH (2015) Aluminium matrix hybrid composites: A review of reinforcement philosophies; Mechanical, corrosion and tribological characteristics. J Mater Res Technol 4(4):434–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.05.003

  13. Abdizadeh H, Baghchesara MA (2013) Investigation into the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of A356 aluminum alloy-based ZrO2-particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites. Mech Compos Mater 49(5):571–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-013-9373-z

  14. Zuhailawati H, Samayamutthirian P, Mohd Haizu CH (2007) Fabrication of low cost of aluminium, matrix composite reinforced with silica sand. J Phys Sci 18(1):47–55. http://www.usm.my/jps/18-1-07/Article18-1-5.pdf

  15. Arora R, Kumar S, Singh G, Pandey OP (2015) Effect of applied pressure on the tribological behaviour of dual particle size rutile reinforced LM13 alloy composite. In: Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, pp 755–762

  16. Sharma SC (2001) The sliding wear behavior of A16061-garnet particulate composites. Wear 249(12):1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00810-9

  17. Ranganath G, Sharma SC, Krishna M (2001) Dry sliding wear of garnet reinforced zinc / aluminium metal matrix composites 251:1408–1413

  18. Kumar S, Panwar RS, Pandey OP (2012) Tribological characteristics of Aluminium tri-reinforced particles (Al- TRP) composites developed by liquid metallurgy route. Adv Mater Res 585:574–578. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.585.574

  19. Vinod B, Ramanathan S, Ananthi V, Selvakumar N (2019) Fabrication and characterization of organic and in-organic reinforced A356 aluminium matrix hybrid composite by improved double-stir casting. Silicon 11(2):817–829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-018-9881-5

  20. Prasad SV, Asthana R (2004) Aluminum metal – matrix composites for automotive applications: tribological considerations. Tribol Lett 17(3):445–453

  21. Sharma S, Nanda T, Pandey OP (2018) Effect of particle size on dry sliding wear behaviour of sillimanite reinforced aluminium matrix composites. Ceram Int 44(1):104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.132

  22. Singh M, Mondal DP, Jha AK, Das S, Yegneswaran AH (2001) Preparation and properties of cast aluminium alloy–sillimanite particle composite. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 32(6):787–795

  23. Rasidhar L, Krishna AR, Rao CS (2013) Fabrication and investigation on properties of Ilmenite (FeTiO3) based al-nanocomposite by stir casting process. Int J Bio-Sci Bio-Technol 5(4):193–199

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gupta A, Singhal V, Pandey OP (2018) Facile in-situ synthesis of NbB 2 nanoparticles at low temperature. J Alloys Compd 736:306–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.257

  25. Singh M, Mondal DP, Jha AK, Das S, Yegneswaran AH (2001) Preparation and properties of cast aluminium alloy ± sillimanite particle composite. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 32:787–795

  26. Gupta R, Sharma S, Nanda T, Pandey OP (2020) Wear studies of hybrid AMCs reinforced with naturally occurring sillimanite and rutile ceramic particles for brake-rotor applications. Ceram Int 46(10):16849–16859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.03.262

  27. Kaushik NC, Rao RN (2016) Tribology International Effect of applied load and grit size on wear coef fi cients of Al 6082 – SiC – Gr hybrid composites under two body abrasion. Tribiology Int 103:298–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.07.018

  28. Tyagi R (2005) Synthesis and tribological characterization of in situ cast Al-TiC composites. Wear 259:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.01.051

  29. Das S, Prasad SV, Ramachandran TR (1989) Microstructure and wear of cast (Al-Si alloy)-graphite composites. Wear 133:173–187

  30. Sarada BN, Murthy PLS, Ugrasen G (2015) Hardness and wear characteristics of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites produced by stir casting technique. Mater Today Proc 2(4–5):2878–2885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.305

  31. Zeng X, Yu J, Fu D, Zhang H, Teng J (2018) Wear characteristics of hybrid aluminum-matrix composites reinforced with well-dispersed reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and silicon carbide particulates. Vacuum 155(June):364–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.06.033

  32. Baker H (1992) Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, vol 3

  33. Gudić S, Smoljko I, Klikić M (2010) The effect of small addition of tin and indium on the corrosion behavior of aluminium in chloride solution. J Alloys Compd 505(1):54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.06.055

  34. Kaur K, Pandey OP (2013) High temperature sliding wear of spray-formed solid-lubricated aluminum matrix composites. J Mater Eng Perform 22(10):3101–3110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-013-0594-z

  35. Sharma S, Nanda T, Pandey OP (2018) Effect of dual particle size (DPS) on dry sliding wear behaviour of LM30/sillimanite composites. Tribol Int 123:142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.12.031

  36. Rajesh GL, Auradi V, Kori SA (2016) Mechanical behaviour and dry sliding wear properties of ceramic boron carbide particulate reinforced Al6061 matrix composites. Trans Indian Ceram Soc 75(2):112–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0371750X.2016.1168318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Karun AS, Hari S, Ebhota WS, Rajan TPD, Pillai UTS, Pai BC (2017) Design and processing of bimetallic aluminum alloys by sequential casting technique. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 48(1):279–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3824-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sharma S et al (2018) Effect of dual particle size (DPS) on dry sliding wear behaviour of LM30/sillimanite composites. Tribol Ind 123:142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2018.10.004

  39. Daoud A, El-khair MTA, Abou El-khair MT (2010) Wear and friction behavior of sand cast brake rotor made of A359-20 vol% SiC particle composites sliding against automobile friction material. Tribol Int 43(3):544–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.09.003

  40. Shorowordi KM, Haseeb ASMA, Celis JP (2006) Tribo-surface characteristics of Al-B4C and Al-SiC composites worn under different contact pressures. Wear 261(5–6):634–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.023

  41. Sharma S, Nanda T, Pandey OP (2019) Investigation of T4 and T6 heat treatment on the wear properties of sillimanite reinforced LM30 aluminium alloy composites. Wear 426:27–36

  42. Blau PJ, Jolly BC, Qu J, Peter WH, Blue CA (2007) Tribological investigation of titanium-based materials for brakes. Wear 263(7–12 SPEC. ISS):1202–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.015

  43. Sharma V, Kumar S, Panwar RS, Pandey OP (2012) Microstructural and wear behavior of dual reinforced particle (DRP) aluminum alloy composite. J Mater Sci 47(18):6633–6646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6599-4

  44. Vijeesh V, Prabhu KN (2014) Review of microstructure evolution in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys and its effect on wear properties. Trans Indian Inst Met 67(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-013-0327-x

  45. Jorstad J, Apelian D (2009) Hypereutectic al-si alloys: Practical casting considerations. Int J Met 3(3):13–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355450

  46. Abis S, Barucca G, Mengucci P (1994) Electron microscopy characterization of AlSn metal-metal matrix composites. J Alloys Compd 215:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)90859-1

  47. Sofyan BT et al. (2005) Effects of Sn content on the characteristics of 319 aluminium alloy. Proc Australas Conf Exhib - Alum Cast House Technol 2005:161–168

  48. Saheb DA (2011) Aluminum silicon carbide and aluminum graphite particulate composites. J Eng Appl Sci 6(10):41–46

  49. Sharma P, Sharma S, Khanduja D (2015) Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies A study on microstructure of aluminium matrix composites. Integr Med Res 3(3):240–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2015.04.001

  50. Omrani E, Moghadam AD, Menezes PL, Rohatgi PK (2016) Influences of graphite reinforcement on the tribological properties of self-lubricating aluminum matrix composites for green tribology, sustainability, and energy efficiency—A review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 83:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7528-x

  51. Kumar S, Panwar RS, Pandey OP (2013) Effect of dual reinforced ceramic particles on high temperature tribological properties of aluminum composites. Ceram Int 39(6):6333–6342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.01.059

  52. Priyadarshi D, Sharma RK (2016) Porosity in aluminium matrix composites: cause, effect and defence. Mater Sci Ind J 14:119–129

  53. Venkatesh VSS, Deoghare AB (2021) Microstructural characterization and mechanical behaviour of SiC and Kaoline reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites fabricated through powder metallurgy technique. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01154-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Seah KHW, Sharma Sc, Girish Bm (1995) Mechanical particulate properties composites of cast ZA -27 / graphite particulate Composites. Mater Des 16(5):1–5

  55. Lim SC (2002) The relevance of wear-mechanism maps to mild-oxidational wear. Tribol Int 35(11):717–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(02)00033-6

  56. Singh J, Chauhan AC (2015) Overview of wear performance of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with ceramic materials under the influence of controllable variables. Ceram Int 42(1):56–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.06.008

  57. Panwar RS, Kumar S, Pandey R, Pandey OP, Singh R, Suresh P (2014) Study of non-lubricated wear of the Al-Si alloy composite reinforced with different ratios of coarse and fine size zircon sand particles at different ambient temperatures. Tribol Lett 55(1):83–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-014-0335-y

  58. Rajmohan T, Palanikumar K, Ranganathan S (2013) Evaluation of mechanical and wear properties of hybrid aluminium matrix composites. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China (English Ed 23(9):2509–2517. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62762-4

  59. Sivaramakrishnan CS, Mahanti RK, Kumar R (1984) The dispersion of lead and graphite in aluminium alloys for bearing applications. Wear 96(2):121–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(84)90089-9

  60. Torabian H, Pathak JP, Tiwari SN (1994) On wear characteristics of leaded aluminium-silicon alloys. Wear 177(1):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(94)90116-3

  61. Mahdavi S, Akhlaghi F (2011) Effect of the graphite content on the tribological behavior of Al/Gr and Al/30SiC/Gr composites processed by in situ powder metallurgy (IPM) method. Tribol Lett 44(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9818-2

  62. Baradeswaran A, Elaya Perumal A (2014) Study on mechanical and wear properties of Al 7075/Al2O 3/graphite hybrid composites. Compos Part B Eng 56:464–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.013

  63. Surappa MK (2003) Aluminium matrix composites: Challenges and opportunities. Sadhana - Acad Proc Eng Sci 28(1–2):319–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02717141

  64. Srivastava S, Mohan S, Srivastava Y, Shukla AJ (2012) Study of the wear and friction behavior of immiscible as cast-Al- Sn / Graphite composite. Int J Mod Eng Res 2(2):25–42

  65. Kaur K, Pandey OP (2010) Microstructural characteristics of spray formed zircon sand reinforced LM13 composite. J Alloys Compd 503(2):410–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.249

  66. Natarajan N, Vijayarangan S, Rajendran I (2006) Wear behaviour of A356/25SiCp aluminium matrix composites sliding against automobile friction material. Wear 261:7–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.011

  67. Pradhan S, Ghosh S, Barman TK, Sahoo P (2017) Tribological behavior of Al-SiC metal matrix composite under dry, aqueous and alkaline medium. Silicon 9(6):923–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-016-9504-y

  68. Basavarajappa S, Chandramohan G, Mukund K, Ashwin M, Prabu M (2006) Dry sliding wear behavior of Al 2219/SiCp-Gr hybrid metal matrix composites. J Mater Eng Perform15(6):668–674. https://doi.org/10.1361/105994906X150803

  69. Mahmoud TS (2008) Tribological behaviour of A390/Grp metal-matrix composites fabricated using a combination of rheocasting and squeeze casting techniques. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci 222(2):257–265. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES468

  70. Doddamani S, Kaleemulla M, Begum Y, KJ A, Anand KJ (2017) An investigation on wear behavior of graphite reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites. J. Res. Sci. Technol. Eng. Manag: 1–6

  71. Manikandan R, Arjunan TV, Akhil AR (2020) Studies on micro structural characteristics, mechanical and tribological behaviours of boron carbide and cow dung ash reinforced aluminium (Al 7075) hybrid metal matrix composite. Compos Part B Eng183(October 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107668

Download references

Acknowledgements

Author (VS) thanks Dr. Aayush Gupta for valuable suggestions in drafting the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics and Materials Science, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Punjab, 147004, Patiala, India

    Varun Singhal & O. P. Pandey

Authors
  1. Varun Singhal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. P. Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Varun Singhal: Conceptualization, design of study, data optimization, analysis, manuscript writing. O. P. Pandey: Results analysis, manuscript writing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. P. Pandey.

Ethics declarations

Formal consent is not compulsory for the above type of work.

Consent to Participate

Authors does not performed any studies involving human or animal participation.

Consent for Publication

Consent was got from all individual authors included in the study to publish data.

Conflict of Interest

Authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Singhal, V., Pandey, O.P. Wear and Friction Behavior of Gr/Sn Solid Lubricated Dual Reinforced AMCs. Silicon 14, 5629–5645 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01343-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01343-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation