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Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel Using Mesoporous Silica from Parangtritis Beach Sand Synthesized with Sonochemistry

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Abstract

The high content of silica is present in beach sand and this silica can be synthesized into mesoporous silica (MS) using the sonochemistry assisted with dodecyl-amine (DDA) as a surfactant template. The preparation began by adding sodium silicate dropwise to DDA solution under the rotation speed of 120 rpm. The mixture was then added with H2SO4 and sonicated at 37 kHz at a temperature of 35 °C for 20 min. The product was then filtered, washed, and dried at 50 °C then calcined at 600 °C for 5 h. After it was calcined, the sample was characterized by using FTIR, Surface Area Analyzer, XRD, SEM, and TEM as well as the acidity using pyridine vapour adsorption. The synthesized MS was then used as a catalyst in hydrocracking waste cooking oil in a semi-batch stainless steel reactor system at 450 °C for 2 h, under 20 ml/min H2 flow rate. The hydrocracking product of the liquid fraction was analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed that the best performance of the MS1 was produced by using the DDA concentration of 0.1 M. It had optimum acidity at 1.7 mmol/g specific surface area of 233 m2/g, with the total pore volume of 0.4 cc/g, and average pore diameter of 7.70 nm. The best MS1 catalyst produced liquid fraction with a yield of 31.13 wt.% which consisted of 11.10% diesel oil and 5.04% gasoline.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the General Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia for the financial support given under the scheme of Universitas Gadjah Mada Doctoral Dissertation Research (PDD) grant with contract number 208/UN. 1/DITLIT/DIT-LIT/PT/2020.

Availability of Data and Material

Data and materials are all available and prepared, authors will be pleased to provide them if requested during the publication process.

Funding

This scientific publication is funded by the General Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture, Indonesia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Siti Salamah

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Wega Trisunaryanti & Indriana Kartini

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Suryo Purwono

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  1. Siti Salamah
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  2. Wega Trisunaryanti
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  4. Suryo Purwono
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Contributions

First Author: Collect data and analyze the draft manuscript.

Correspondent Author: write manuscript and proofreading.

Co-Author: as a data analysis consultant.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wega Trisunaryanti.

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The research conducted used sand beach and coconut oil as samples with no animal nor human sample at all, hence did not require compliance with ethical standard.

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All the authors have made a significant contribution to this manuscript, have seen and approved the final manuscript.

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Salamah, S., Trisunaryanti, W., Kartini, I. et al. Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel Using Mesoporous Silica from Parangtritis Beach Sand Synthesized with Sonochemistry. Silicon 14, 3583–3590 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01117-0

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