Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Reinforcement of Silica Particles in Bentonite Clay Based Porous Geopolymeric Material

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Silicon Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Positive effect of silica reinforcement in bentonite clay based geopolymer has been observed in the present investigation. In this research, heat treated bentonite clay with varying percentages of silica reinforcing particles (low, medium and high concentration) were used to prepare geopolymer mortars. While a constant quantity (25%) of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate mixture was used. The effect of reinforcing silica particles on the physical and mechanical integrity of heat treated bentonite clay based geopolymer mortar has been elaborated in this research. After geopolymerization and de-hydroxylation, density (bulk and apparent) and porosity were measured for the all geopolymeric samples. Various techniques like FTIR (to confirm degree of geopolymerization), XRD (to determine the mineral phases), TGA (to measure the weight loss), and SEM (to study the microstructure) were used for the characterization of samples. The sample with low percentage of silica particles showed higher degree of polymerization. A compressive strength upto 57 MPa was achieved for the sample having high concentration (90%) of silica. The evaluation of various samples demonstrated that heat-treated bentonite-silica particles reinforced geopolymers were viable and eco-friendly alternative to fly ash geopolymers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. McLellan BC, Williams RP, Lay J, Van Riessen A, Corder GD (2011) Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary Portland cement. J Clean Prod 19(9–10):1080–1090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Haq EU, Padmanabhan SK, Licciulli A (2013) Synthesis and characteristics of fl y ash and bottom ash based geopolymers – a comparative study. Ceram Int 40(2):2965–2971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Duxson P, Provis JL, Si F (2008) Designing precursors for Geopolymer cements. J Am Ceram Soc 91(12):3864–3869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Davidovits J (1987) Ancient and modern concretes: what is the real difference? Concr Int 9(12):23–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dietel J, Warr LN, Bertmer M, Steudel A, Grathoff GH, Emmerich K (2017) Applied clay science the importance of speci fi c surface area in the geopolymerization of heated illitic clay. Appl Clay Sci:1–9

  6. M. R. Abdul Karim et al., “Experimental evaluation of sustainable geo-polymer mortars developed from loam natural soil,” J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng., p. 13467581.2020.1773829, 2020

  7. Bakharev T (2006) Thermal behaviour of geopolymers prepared using class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing. Cem Concr Res 36(6):1134–1147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nadeem M, Haq EU, Ahmed F, Rafiq MA, Awan GH, Zain-ul-abdein M (2020) Effect of microwave curing on the construction properties of natural soil based geopolymer foam. Constr Build Mater 230:117074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Haq EU, Padmanabhan SK, Karim MRA, Licciulli A (2016) Setting and curing of mortars obtained by alkali activation and inorganic polymerization from sodium silicate and silica aggregate. Constr Build Mater 105:291–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. American Coal Ash Association, “2002 coal combustion product (CCP) production use survey report,” 2003

  11. E. Galán and R. E. Ferrell, “Chapter 3 - Genesis of Clay Minerals,” in Handbook of Clay Science, vol. 5, no. Supplement C, F. Bergaya and G. B. T.-D. in C. S. Lagaly, Eds. Elsevier, 2013, pp. 83–126

  12. Prud’homme E, Michaud P, Joussein E, Peyratout C, Smith A, Rossignol S (2011) In situ inorganic foams prepared from various clays at low temperature. Appl Clay Sci 51(1):15–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rashid M et al (2020) Light weight low thermal conductive fly ash foams through microwave irradiation for insulative, agricultural and self-healing purposes. Mater. Today Proc

  14. Bourret J, Tessier-Doyen N, Naït-Ali B, Pennec F, Alzina A, Peyratout CS, Smith DS (2013) Effect of the pore volume fraction on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of kaolin-based foams. J Eur Ceram Soc 33(9):1487–1495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen H-B, Wang Y-Z, Sánchez-Soto M, Schiraldi DA (2012) Low flammability, foam-like materials based on ammonium alginate and sodium montmorillonite clay. Polymer (Guildf) 53(25):5825–5831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Haq EU, Padmanabhan SK, Licciulli A (2015) Microwave synthesis of thermal insulating foams from coal derived bottom ash. Fuel Process Technol 130:263–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Abdel-Gawwad HA, Abo-El-Enein SA (2016) A novel method to produce dry geopolymer cement powder. HBRC J 12(1):13–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department (MME), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, 54890, Pakistan

    Ehsan Ul Haq, Muhammad Usama Majeed, Muhammad Nadeem, Furqan Ahmed & Muhammad Zain-Ul-Abdein

  2. Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, 54890, Pakistan

    Kiran Mughal

  3. Institute of Space Technology (IST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Abdul Qadir Abbas

  4. Faculty of Engineering Environment and computing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Qamar Hayat

Authors
  1. Ehsan Ul Haq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Usama Majeed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Nadeem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Furqan Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muhammad Zain-Ul-Abdein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kiran Mughal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Abdul Qadir Abbas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Qamar Hayat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muhammad Nadeem.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights of the Research

• Incorporation of silica particles upto certain extent enhance the mechanical strengths of the bentonite based geopolymer.

• Bentonite clays are eco-friendly and not harmful to workers compared to fly ash

• These Materials are light weight compared to other cementing materials.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Haq, E.U., Majeed, M.U., Nadeem, M. et al. Reinforcement of Silica Particles in Bentonite Clay Based Porous Geopolymeric Material. Silicon 13, 2745–2751 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00633-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00633-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation