Abstract
Uniaxial tension tests and hole-expansion tests were carried out to determine the influence of silicon on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and stretch-flangeability of conventional dual-phase steels. Compared to 0.03wt% silicon, the addition of 1.08wt% silicon induced the formation of finer ferrite grains (6.8 μm) and a higher carbon content of martensite (C m ≈ 0.32wt%). As the silicon level increased, the initial strain-hardening rate (n value) and the uniform elongation increased, whereas the yield strength, yield ratio, and stretch-flangeability decreased. The microstructures were observed after hole-expansion tests. The results showed that low carbon content martensite (C m ≈ 0.19wt%) can easily deform in coordination with ferrite. The relationship between the mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability indicated that the steel with large post-uniform elongation has good stretch-flangeability due to a closer plastic incompatibility of the ferrite and martensite phases, which can effectively delay the production and decohesion of microvoids.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
M. Calcagnotto, D. Ponge, and D. Raabe, Effect of grain refinement to 1μm on strength and toughness of dual-phase steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(2010), p. 7832.
H.F. Dong, J. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Park, and Q.X. Yang, Numerical simulation on the microstress and microstrain of low Si-Mn-Nb dual-phase steel, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 17(2010), No. 2, p. 173.
J. Lee, S.J. Lee, and B.C. De Cooman, Effect of micro-alloying elements on the stretch-flangeability of dual phase steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 536(2012), p. 231.
Y. Tomita, Effect of morphology of second-phase martensite on tensile properties of Fe-0.1C dual phase steels, J. Mater. Sci., 25(1990), p. 5179.
A. Kumar, S.B. Singh, and K.K. Ray, Influence of bainite/martensite-content on the tensile properties of low carbon dual-phase steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 474(2008), p. 270.
Z.G. Wang, A.M. Zhao, Z.Z. Zhao, J.Y. Ye, D. Tang, and G.S. Zhu, Microstructures and mechanical properties of C-Mn-Cr-Nb and C-Mn-Si-Nb ultra-high strength dual-phase steels, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 19(2012), No. 10, p. 915.
D.L. Steinbrunner, D. Matlock, and G. Krauss, Void formation during tensile testing of dual phase steels, Metall. Trans. A, 19(1988), p. 579.
D.I. Hyun, S.M. Oak, S.S. Kang, and Y.H. Moon, Estimation of hole flangeability for high strength steel plates, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 130–131(2002), p. 9.
J.H. Kim, M.G. Lee, D. Kim, D.K. Matlock, and R.H. Wagoner, Hole-expansion formability of dual-phase steels using representative volume element approach with boundary-smoothing technique, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(2010), p. 7353.
K.I. Mori, Y. Abe, and Y. Suzui, Improvement of stretch flangeability of ultra high strength steel sheet by smoothing of sheared edge, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 210(2010), p. 653.
K.I. Sugimoto, T. Muramatsu, S.I. Hashimoto, and Y. Mukai, Formability of Nb bearing ultra high-strength TRIP-aided sheet steels, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 177(2006), p. 390.
A. Nagasaka, K. Sugimoto, and M. Kobayashi, Effect of second phase morphology on warm stretch-flangeability in high strength TRIP-aided dual-phase steel sheets, [in] ASM International (USA), New York, 1996, p. 557.
Y. Yamada and M. Koide, Analysis of the bore-expanding test by the incremental theory of plasticity, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 10(1968), p. 1.
H. Ghadbeigi, C. Pinna, S. Celotto, and J.R. Yates, Local plastic strain evolution in a high strength dual-phase steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(2010), p. 5026.
M. Sarwar and R. Priestner, Influence of ferrite-martensite microstructural morphology on tensile properties of dual-phase steel, J. Mater. Sci., 31(1996), p. 2091.
S. Kim and S. Lee, Effects of martensite morphology and volume fraction on quasi-static and dynamic deformation behavior of dual-phase steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 31(2000), p. 1753.
K.J. Kim, S. Lee, and C. Lee, Effects of martensite morphology on dynamic torsional behavior in dual phase steels, Scripta Mater., 38(1997), No. 1, p. 27.
A. Bag, K.K. Ray, and E.S. Dwarakadasa, Influence of martensite content and morphology on the toughness and fatigue behavior of high-martensite dual-phase steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 32(2001), p. 2207.
E. Ahmad, T. Manzoor, M.M.A. Ziai, and N. Hussain, Effect of martensite morphology on tensile deformation of dual-phase steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 21(2012), No. 3, p. 382.
M. Sudo, S. Hashimoto, and S. Kambe, Niobium bearing ferrite-bainite high strength hot-rolled sheet steel with improved formability, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 23(1983), No. 4, p. 303.
M.R. Akbarpour and A. Ekrami, Effect of ferrite volume fraction on work hardening behavior of high bainite dual phase (DP) steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 477(2008), p. 306.
M.H. Cai, H. Ding, J.S. Zhang, and L. Li, Effect of silicon and prior deformation of austenite on isothermal transformation in low carbon steels, Acta Metall. Sin., 22(2009), No. 2, p. 100.
M.H. Cai, H. Ding, Y.K. Lee, Z.Y. Tang, and J.S. Zhang, Effects of Si on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of hot-rolled ferrite and bainite dual-phase steels, ISIJ Int., 51(2011), No. 3, p. 476.
G. Thomas and J.Y. Koop, Structure and properties of dual phase steel, [in] The Metallurgical Society of AIME, New York, 1979.
A.H. Nakagawa and G. Thomas, Microstructure-mechanical property relationships of dual-phase steel wire, Metall. Trans. A, 16(1985), p. 831.
D.A. Korzekwa, R.D. Lawson, D.K. Matlock, and G. Krauss, A consideration of models describing the strength and ductility of dual-phase steels, Scripta Metall., 14(1980), p. 1023.
G. Avramovic-Cingara, Y. Ososkov, M.K. Jain, and D.S. Wilkinson, Effect of martensite distribution on damage behaviour in DP600 dual phase steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 516(2009), p. 7.
G. Avramovic-Cingara, Ch.A.R. Saleh, M.K. Jain, and D.S. Wilkinson, Void nucleation and growth in dual-phase steel 600 during uniaxial tensile testing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 40(2009), p. 3117.
R.G. Davies, Influence of martensite composition and content on the properties of dual phase steels, Metall. Trans. A, 9(1978), p. 671.
J.H. Hollomon, Tensile deformation, [in] The Metallurgical Society of AIME, New York, 1945, p. 162.
T.S. Byun and I.S. Kim, Tensile properties and inhomogeneous deformation of ferrite-martensite dual-phase steels, J. Mater. Sci., 28(1993), p. 2923.
A. Bag, K.K. Ray, and E.S. Dwarakadasa, Influence of martensite content and morphology on tensile and impact properties of high-martensite dual-phase steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 30(1999), p. 1193.
D. Das and P.P. Chattopadhyay, Influence of martensite morphology on the work-hardening behavior of high strength ferrite-martensite dual-phase steel, J. Mater. Sci., 44(2009), p. 2957.
P.B. Jaoul, Etude de la forme des courbes de deformation plastique, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 5(1957), p. 95.
S.N. Monteiro and R.E. Reed-Hill, On the double-n behavior of iron, Metall. Trans., 2(1971), No. 10, p. 2947.
F.H. Samuel, D. Daniel, and O. Sudre, Further investigations on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of granular bainite in a high strength, low alloy steel: comparison of ferrite-pearlite and ferrite-martensite microstructures, Mater. Sci. Eng., 92(1987), p. 43.
S. Sankaran, S. Sangal, and K.A. Padmanabhan, Microstructural evolution and tensile behaviour of medium carbon microalloyed steel processed through two thermomechanical routes, Mater. Sci. Technol., 21(2005), No. 10, p. 1152.
Y. Tomita and K. Okabayashi, Mechanical properties of 0.40 pct C-Ni-Cr-Mo high strength steel having a mixed structure of martensite and bainite, Metall. Trans. A, 16(1985), p. 73.
Z.H. Jiang, Z.Z. Guan, and J.S. Lian, The relationship between ductility and material parameters for dual-phase steel, J. Mater. Sci., 28(1993), p. 1814.
Y.I. Son, Y.K. Lee, K.T. Park, C.S. Lee, and D.H. Shin, Ultrafine grained ferrite-martensite dual phase steels fabricated via equal channel angular pressing: microstructure and tensile properties, Acta Mater., 53(2005), p. 3125.
Y. Tomita and K. Okabayashi, Tensile stress-strain analysis of cold worked metals and steels and dual-phase steels, Metall. Trans. A, 16(1985), p. 865.
A. Kacem, A. Krichen, and P.Y. Manach, Occurrence and effect of ironing in the hole-flanging process, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 211(2011), p. 1606.
K. Hasegawa, K. Kawamura, T. Urabe, and Y. Hosoya, Effects of microstructure on stretch-flange-formability of 980 MPa grade cold-rolled ultra high strength steel sheets, ISIJ Int., 44(2004), No. 3, p. 603.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Ly., Zhang, D. & Liu, Yz. Influence of silicon on the microstructures, mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability of dual phase steels. Int J Miner Metall Mater 21, 755–765 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0968-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0968-8