Abstract
Yttrium and ytterbium were extracted from sulfuric acid medium using triphenylarsine (TPAs) dissolved in kerosene. The influence of different factors, such as shaking time, extractants, metal ions, sulfate ion concentrations, as well as temperature, was studied in detail. From the slope analysis method and IR measurements, the structure of the extracted species was suggested as MSO4(HSO4)·TPAs, where M refers to Y(III) or Yb(III). The equilibrium constants (K ex) and thermodynamic parameters, such as the change in enthalpy (ΔH), free energy (ΔG), and entropy (ΔS), were calculated. The method of extraction and stripping was applied to obtain the aforementioned metals from a sample of fluorspar mineral giving a recovery yield of 88.2% and 83.5% for yttrium and ytterbium, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.E. Manahan, Environmental Science and Technology: A Sustainable Approach to Green Science and Technology, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Florida, 2007, p. 307.
R.B. Fulton and G. Montgomery, Industrial Minerals and Rocks, 5th Ed. American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, New York, 1983, p. 723.
P.W. Harben and R.L. Bates, Industrial Minerals: Geology and World Deposits, Industrial Minerals Division, Metal Bulletin plc, London, 1990, p. 11.
T.W. Swaddle, Inorganic Chemistry: An Industrial and Environmental Perspective, Academic Press, USA, 1997, p. 12.
M.M. Miller, Mineral Commodity Summaries, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1995, p. 58.
M.M. Miller, Minerals Yearbook: Vol. 1, Metals and Minerals, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1992, p. 487.
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Randol Mining Directory 1994/1995, Randol International Ltd, Golden, CO, 1994, p. 165.
S.B. Castor and J.B. Hedrick, Industrial Minerals and Rocks, 7th Ed, Society for Mining Metallurgy, 2006, p. 778.
J.B. Hedrick and D.A. Templeton, Rare Earth Minerals and Metals, USBM, Washington, DC, 1989.
J.W. Adams, Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico, Bulletin 87, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, 1965, p. 234.
J.W. Sutter and D.M. Burt, Hydrofluoric acid generation in mine dumps and tailing: experimental determination of reaction rates, [in] Proceedings of GSA Annual Meeting, Vol. 151, 2001.
D.D. Desai and V.M. Shinde, Liquid anion-exchange extraction and separation of yttrium, neodymium and samarium, Anal. Chim, Acta, 167(1985), p. 413.
O.A. Desouky, A.M. Daher, Y.K. Abdel-Monem, and A.A. Galhoum, Liquid-liquid extraction of yttrium using primene-JMT from acidic sulfate solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 96(2009), p. 313.
D.K. Singh, H. Singh, and J.M. Mathur, Extraction of rare earths and yttrium with high molecular weight carboxylic acids, Hydrometallurgy, 81(2006), p. 174.
J.N. Mathur and G.R. Choppin, Paraffin wax as a diluent for extraction of actinides and lanthanides with TBP, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 16(1998), p. 459.
E. Panturu, D.P. Georgescu, F. Aurelian, and N. Udrea, Selective separation of yttrium from chemical concentrate of rare earth, Dev. Miner. Process. C, 13(2000), p. 6.
J.Z. Zhou, W.H. Duan, X.Z. Zhou, and C.Q. Zhang, Application of annular centrifugal contactors in the extraction flowsheet for producing high purity yttrium, Hydrometallurgy, 85(2007), p. 154.
B. Gupta, P. Malik, and A. Deep, Solvent extraction and separation of tervalent lanthanides and yttrium using Cyanex 923, Solvent Ext. Ion Exch., 21(2003), No. 2, p. 239.
W.W. Wang, X.L. Wang, S.L. Meng, H.F. Li, and D.Q. Li, Extraction and stripping of ytterbium(III) from H2SO4 medium by Cyanex 923, J. Rare Earths, 24(2006), p. 685.
S. Tachimori and H. Nakamura, Application of synergistic MEHPA-DEHPA mixed solvent to the extraction of lanthanides( III), J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 44(1978), No. 1, p. 37.
B.V. Reddy, L.L. Reddy, A.S. Reddy, M.L.P. Reddy, S. Sujatha, T.R. Ramamohan, and A.D. Danodaran, Synergistic solvent extraction of Eu(III) and Tb(III) with mixtures of various organophosphorus extractants, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 178(1994), No. 1, p. 109.
S. Jing and D.Q. Li, Study of synergistic extraction of rare earth element (III) with BTMPPA and HBMBP, Appl. Chem., 11(1994), No. 3, p. 49.
Y. Xiong, X.L. Wang, and D.Q. Li, Synergistic extraction and separation of heavy lanthanide by mixtures of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphoric acid and 2-ethylhexyl phosphinic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester, Sep. Sci. Technol., 40(2005), p. 2325.
X.W. Huang, J.N. Li, Z.Q. Long, X.X. Xue, Y.Q. Zhang, and Z.W. Zhu, Synergistic extraction of rare earth by mixtures of 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid from sulfuric acid medium, J. Rare Earths, 26(2008), No. 3, p. 410.
Y.Q. Zhang, J.N. Li, X.W. Huang, C.M. Wang, Z.W. Zhu, and G.C. Zhang, Synergistic extraction of rare earths by mixture of HDEHP and HEH/EHP in sulfuric acid medium, J. Rare Earths, 26(2008), No. 5, p. 688.
Y.A. El-Nadi, Lanthanum and neodymium from Egyptian monazite: Synergistic extractive separation using organophosphorus reagents, Hydrometallurgy, 119–120(2012), p. 23.
J.E. House, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Canada, 1998, p. 410.
Ch. Elschenbroich and A. Salzer, Organometallics: A Concise Introduction, 2nd Ed, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1992, p. 206.
Z. Marczenko, Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Harwood Ltd., Chichester, 1976, p. 438.
J.G. Speight, Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 16th Ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York, 2005, p. 330.
D.W. Rogers, Concise Physical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2011.
J. Rydberg, C. Musikas, and G.R. Choppin, Principles and Practices of Solvent Extraction, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1992, p. 584.
M. Benedict, T.H. Pigford, and H.W. Levi, Nuclear Chemical Engineering, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1982.
T.M.M. Ibrahim and O.M. El-Hussaini, Production of anhydrite-gypsum and recovery of rare earths as a byproduct, Hydrometallurgy, 87(2007), p. 11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
El-Nadi, Y.A., El-Hefny, N.E. & Aly, H.F. Solvent extraction and recovery of Y(III) and Yb(III) from fluorspar mineral. Int J Miner Metall Mater 20, 713–719 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0788-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0788-2