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Eubiotic Effect of a Dietary Bio-Aqua® and Sodium Diformate (NaDF) on Salmo trutta caspius: Innate Immune System, Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Defense, and Expression of Immunological and Growth-Related Genes

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Abstract

The present study investigated the effects of combined and singular oral administration of Bio-Aqua® with different dosages of sodium diformate (NaDF) on biochemical indices, innate immune responses, antioxidant effects, and expressions of immunological related genes of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius). Fingerlings Salmo trutta caspius (n = 1800; initial weight 15 ± 3 g) were randomly allocated into five groups (120 fish group-1 in triplicates). Control diet: without any addition, G1, G2, G3, and G4 received diets containing 0.2 g kg−1 commercial probiotic Bio-Aqua® combined with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% NaDF to the basal diet for 60 days according to recommended dosages reported in previous studies. Results indicated that serum bactericidal activity (G3 on day 60 and G1 on day 30) and classic complement in all groups (on day 60) (G1 and G2 on day 30) were significantly elevated (P < 0.05). The serum lysozyme, glucose, globulin, and albumin levels showed no significant differences between all groups compared to the control group (P > 0.05). On days 30 and 60 of the sampling, no significant difference was observed in the amount of superoxide disotase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) between the treatments (P > 0.05) but activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in G1 than the control (P < 0.05). The expression of the immune-regulating genes IL-10, IL-1β, GTP, FATP, and IGF was significantly improved in all probiotic + acidifier–treated groups (P < 0.05). The current findings showed that mixture of Bio-Aqua® and NaDF (1.5% + pro) is beneficial, as it effectively improves some immune parameters and expression of immunological and growth-related genes in Caspian brown trout.

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The data supporting the study’s conclusions are accessible upon request from the corresponding author. Due to privacy and ethical concerns, the data is not publicly accessible.

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Funding

A grant from Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Research Council funded this work (Grant No: 26247, 1397.3.2).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Takavar Mohammadian & Mehrzad Mesbah

  2. Member of Excellence Center of Warm Water Fish Health, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Takavar Mohammadian & Mehrzad Mesbah

  3. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid, Ph.D Student Aquatic Health, Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Hossien Momeni, Mohsen kazemi, Mojtaba zare & Elham Osroosh

  4. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Mohammad Khosravi

  5. DVM, Graduated, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Melika Abedini

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  1. Takavar Mohammadian
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Mohammadian, T., Momeni, H., kazemi, M. et al. Eubiotic Effect of a Dietary Bio-Aqua® and Sodium Diformate (NaDF) on Salmo trutta caspius: Innate Immune System, Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Defense, and Expression of Immunological and Growth-Related Genes. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. 15, 1342–1354 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-022-09965-x

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