Abstract
The most harmful hymenopteran pests of Pinus sylvestris L. are conifer sawflies from the family Diprionidae, including the widespread Diprion pini (L.). Natural enemies of this pest are still poorly known in many European areas where attacks occur. We studied the egg parasitoids of D. pini at four sites in two mountainous areas of Spain: the Sierra de Francia (western Spain) and the Sierra de Albarracín (eastern Spain). At all sites, the dominant egg parasitoid was Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), whereas other three chalcidoid species were rare. All these species were previously recorded in association with D. pini, but we report here their first record in Spain. Neochrysocharis formosa attacked up to 32.3% of egg clusters of D. pini in the Sierra de Albarracín and 18.5% in the Sierra de Francia. In the attacked egg clusters, this species parasitized up to 35% of eggs in the Sierra de Albarracín and 23.7% in the Sierra de Francia, with a marked female-biased sex ratio. Contrary to the clustered pattern of parasitism observed for N. formosa while attacking other gregarious diprionids, the oviposition in egg clusters of D. pini followed a random pattern, probably due to the froth roof (spumous coating) that covers its eggs and interferes with the egg-searching behavior of females. Indeed, other parasitoid species of D. pini have been reported to behave similarly.
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Acknowledgements
This study was carried out in the laboratories of the Faculties of Biology of Salamanca and Valencia, as well as at the Museu Valencià d’Historia Natural and at the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias in Valencia. We are indebted to José Ramón Oriola (Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Valencia) for his collaboration in the sampling and fieldwork. We are also indebted to María Jesús Verdú Gallardo (InstitutoValenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain) and Severiano Fernández Gayubo (Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain), for corroboration of the determinations of the parasitoids and hosts, respectively. Financial support for this study was provided by the Junta de Castilla y León, project SA012A05, and by a post-doctoral contract to CP from Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. The experiments complied with Spanish law currently in force.
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Selfa, J., Polidori, C., Asís, J.D. et al. Random pattern of parasitism and female-biased sex ratio in the egg parasitoid Neochrysocharis formosa attacking the pine sawfly Diprion pini in mountain forests of Spain. Phytoparasitica 45, 85–93 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-017-0568-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-017-0568-z