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Study of single and symmetrical D-shaped optical fiber sensor based on gold nanorods

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Abstract

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is considered a breakthrough optical phenomenon. SPR sensors have significantly advanced in both technology and sensor applications. Plasmonic sensors are based on plasmonic material, affecting sensor sensitivity results. The sensitivity parameter is used to determine how the possibility of a variable of interest is affected by the surrounding environment. This parameter plays a vital role in any plasmonic sensor due to its strong impact on the results and the final decision of sensor performance. A single and dual symmetrical D-shape fiber-based plasmonic sensor was theoretically studied. The effect of the polishing depth and the dopant concentrations of GeO2 was investigated. A single D-shaped optical fiber shows that the highest peak loss was 2 dB/cm at the polishing depth of 36.5 μm and almost 0.0 dB/cm loss at 33.5 μm polishing depth. The resonance wavelength at the maximum loss was 1.47 μm. The highest wavelength sensitivity (1500 nm/RIU) for D-shaped fiber (D-SF) design at a maximum loss with a dopant concentration of 19.3% of GeO2 for the core and 50 nm thickness of Au layer. While the highest wavelength sensitivity (150 nm/RIU) for dual symmetrical D-shaped optical fiber design at a maximum loss with a dopant concentration of 19.3% of GeO2 for the core and 50 nm thickness of the Au layer. Nanorods were applied for a dual SD-SF sensor, which was successful at 1.20 and 1.21 refractive indices; the maximum sensitivity was 5000 nm/RIU with a dopant concentration of 15.3% of GeO2 for the core. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report for analyzing dual symmetrical D-shaped optical fiber. Also, the comparison between single and symmetrical D-shaped optical fiber has not yet been presented.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the University of Technology-Iraq for the support this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laser and Optoelectronic Engineering Department, University of Technology- Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq

    Sarah Osamah, Ali Abdulkhaleq Alwahib & Makram A. Fakhri

  2. Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

    Subash C. B. Gopinath

  3. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

    Subash C. B. Gopinath

  4. Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (CoExNano), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia

    Subash C. B. Gopinath

Authors
  1. Sarah Osamah
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  2. Ali Abdulkhaleq Alwahib
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  3. Makram A. Fakhri
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  4. Subash C. B. Gopinath
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Contributions

Ali A. Alwahib conceived of the presented idea. Sarah Osamah developed the theory and performed the computations. Subash C.B. Gopinath verified the analytical methods. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ali Abdulkhaleq Alwahib or Makram A. Fakhri.

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Osamah, S., Alwahib, A.A., Fakhri, M.A. et al. Study of single and symmetrical D-shaped optical fiber sensor based on gold nanorods. J Opt 52, 2048–2058 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-023-01119-8

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