Abstract
The proposed Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor investigated spectral features applying finite element numerical (FEM) analysis method. The wave optics module applied the Maxwell’s equations and confined the electromagnetic perfectly. The best optimized chosen parameters are 1.45, 1.5 for clad and core refractive indices, respectively, for a better FWHM of 20 nm approximately with the highest reflectivity of 93.5%. As a sensor, the FBG is developed in a D form with optimum specifications. An etched FBG's sensitivity to the surrounding medium's refractive index (RI) has been documented. For the analyte index (AI) range of 1.3–1.39 by 9 um etching diameter, the optimal wavelength sensitivity (WS) and resolution are 118.7 nm/RIU and 1 × 10−3 RIU, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.O. Hill, G. Meltz, Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview. J. Light. Technol. 15(8), 1263–1276 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.618320
S.R. Tahhan, M.H. Ali, A.K. Abass, Characteristics of dispersion compensation for 32 channels at 40 Gb/s under different techniques. J. Opt. Commun. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0121
C.F. Chan, G.A. Ferrier, D.J. Thomson, T. Coroy, P. Lefebvre, A. Vincelette, Evanescent field fiber Bragg grating sensors for index of refraction sensing with applications to structural health monitoring. Nondestruct Eval. Heal. Monit. Aerosp. Mater Compos. Civ. Infrastruct V 6176, 617614 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.655702
A. Othonos, K. Kalli, D. Pureur, A. Mugnier, Fibre Bragg gratings. Springer Ser. Opt. Sci. 123, 189–269 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31770-8_6
C.M. DeCusatis, C.J. Sher DeCusatis, Fiber optic essentials (Elsevier, Hoboken, 2006), pp. 20–21
S.R. Tahhan, R.Z. Chen, S. Huang, K.I. Hajim, K.P. Chen, Fabrication of fiber Bragg grating coating with TiO2 nanostructured metal oxide for refractive index sensor. J. Nanotechnol. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2791282
M.M. Werneck, R.C.S.B. Allil, B.A. Ribeiro, F.V.B. de Nazaré, A guide to fiber bragg grating sensors in current trends in short- and long-period fiber Gratings (IntechOpen, London, 2013)
S. Dewra, A. Grover, Fabrication and application of fiber Bragg grating - A Review. Adv. Eng. Tec. Appl. 4(2), 15–25 (2015). https://doi.org/10.12785/aeta/040202
Z. Zhou, J. Ou, Development of FBG sensors for structural health monitoring in civil infrastructures. Sens. Issues Civ. Struct. Heal. Monit. (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3661-2_20
D. Tosi, S. Poeggel, I. Iordachita, E. Schena, Fiber optic sensors for biomedical applications (Elsevier, Hoboken, 2018), pp. 301–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803131-5.00011-8
S.R. Tahhan, A.K. Abass, M.H. Ali, Characteristics of chirped fiber bragg grating dispersion compensator utilizing two apodization profiles. J. Commun. 13(3), 108 (2018). https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.13.3.108-113
C.E. Campanella, A. Cuccovillo, C. Campanella, A. Yurt, V.M.N. Passaro, Fibre Bragg Grating based strain sensors: review of technology and applications. Sensors (Switzerland) 18(9), 3115 (2018)
C. Gavrila and I. Lancranjan, “A Study of Optical Sensor Based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Using COMSOL Multiphysics,” COMSOL 2009 International Conference, (2009)
A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, G. Persiano, A. Cutolo, R. Bernini, M. Giordano, Refractive index measurements by fiber Bragg grating sensor. Proc. IEEE Sens. 2(1), 101–105 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2003.1278905
N. Dediyagala, “Optical fibre Bragg grating analysis through fea and its application to pressure sensing,” PhD thesis, Victoria University, (2019). https://vuir.vu.edu.au/39484/
A.A.M. Network, E. Dep, Fiber Bragg grating in biomedical application. Al-Nahrain J. Eng. Sci. 20(3), 636–640 (2021)
C. Jesus, P. Caldas, O. Frazão, J.L. Santos, P.A.S. Jorge, J.M. Baptista, Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using a hybrid fiber Bragg grating/long-period fiber grating configuration. Fiber Integr. Opt. 28(6), 440–449 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/01468030903290039
M.R.A. Hassan, M.H.A. Bakar, K. Dambul, F.R.M. Adikan, Optical-based sensors for monitoring corrosion of reinforcement rebar via an etched Cladding Bragg grating. Sensors (Switzerland) 12(11), 15820–15826 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/s121115820
Z.L. Poole et al., Block copolymer assisted refractive index engineering of metal oxides for applications in optical sensing. Nanophoton. Mater 9161, 91610P (2014)
H. J. Kalinowski, J. Filipe Kuhne, R. Battistella Nadas, P. Loren Inácio, I. Chiamenti, and R. Canute Kamikawachi, “Refractive index sensitivity in etched FBG in the visible range,” no. 114, (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272227
K. Ahmed et al., Highly sensitive twin resonance coupling refractive index sensor based on gold- and MgF2-coated nano metal films. Biosens 11, 104 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/BIOS11040104
M.A. Jabin et al., Design and fabrication of amoeba faced photonic crystal fiber for biosensing application. Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 313, 112204 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNA.2020.112204
H. Abdullah, K. Ahmed, S.A. Mitu, Ultrahigh sensitivity refractive index biosensor based on gold coated nano-film photonic crystal fiber. Results Phys. 17, 103151 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINP.2020.103151
M.S. Khan, K. Ahmed, M.N. Hossain, B.K. Paul, T.K. Nguyen, V. Dhasarathan, Exploring refractive index sensor using gold coated D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for biosensing applications. Optik (Stuttg) (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJLEO.2019.163649
H. Thenmozhi, M.S. Mani Rajan, K. Ahmed, D-shaped PCF sensor based on SPR for the detection of carcinogenic agents in food and cosmetics. Optik (Stuttg) 180, 264–270 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJLEO.2018.11.098
M.N. Hossen, M. Ferdous, M. Abdul Khalek, S. Chakma, B.K. Paul, K. Ahmed, Design and analysis of biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 21, 1–6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSR.2018.08.003
K. Ahmed et al., Design of D-shaped elliptical core photonic crystal fiber for blood plasma cell sensing application. Results Phys. 12, 2021–2025 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINP.2019.02.026
M.A. Jabin, K. Ahmed, M.J. Rana, B.K. Paul, Y. Luo, D. Vigneswaran, Titanium-coated dual-core D-shaped SPR-based PCF for hemoglobin sensing. Plasmon 14(6), 1601–1610 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/S11468-019-00961-6
S.A. Mitu, K. Ahmed, F.A. Al Zahrani, A. Grover, M.S. Mani Rajan, M.A. Moni, Development and analysis of surface plasmon resonance based refractive index sensor for pregnancy testing. Opt. Lasers Eng. 140, 106551 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OPTLASENG.2021.106551
S. Asaduzzaman, M.F.H. Arif, K. Ahmed, P. Dhar, “Highly sensitive simple structure circular photonic crystal fiber based chemical sensor”, 2015 IEEE Int. WIE Conf. Electr. Comput. Eng. WIECON-ECE 2015, 151–154 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/WIECON-ECE.2015.7443884
A.A. Rifat, K. Ahmed, S. Asaduzzaman, B.K. Paul, R. Ahmed, Development of photonic crystal fiber-based gas/chemical sensors. Comput. Photon. Sens. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76556-3_12
S. Tahhan, A. Ghazai, I. Alwan, M. Ali, Investigation of the characteristics of high-resistivity silica based hybrid porous core photonic crystal fiber for terahertz wave guidance. Dig. J. Nanomater Biostruct. 14(3), 831–841 (2019)
A.N. Chryssis, S.M. Lee, S.B. Lee, S.S. Saini, M. Dagenais, High sensitivity evanescent field fiber Bragg grating sensor. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(6), 1253–1255 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2005.846953
N. Chen, B. Yun, Y. Cui, Cladding mode resonances of etch-eroded fiber Bragg grating for ambient refractive index sensing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 13–15 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2191951
X. Li et al., Novel refractive index sensor based on fiber bragg grating in nano-bore optical fiber. Opt. Quantum Electron (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1836-6
W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R.K. Lee, A. Yariv, Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 1–3 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1904716
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors have equal contributions in this manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tahhan, S.R., Hasen, F. Longitudinal characterization of fiber Bragg gratings. J Opt 52, 50–59 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-022-00844-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-022-00844-w