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Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride and Nitrate of Groundwater–A Case Study of the Central Dry Zone of Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka

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Journal of the Geological Society of India

Abstract

Forty-two groundwater samples were randomly collected from Chikkanayakanahalli taluk during the pre-monsoon season of 2022 and were analysed for Fluoride and Nitrate levels using APHA standard methods. USEPA method was employed to assess the non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with exposure to NO3− and F− from drinking water consumption by computing estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI). HQnitrate > 1 through the ingestion pathway was observed in 14.28 and 4.76 % of the groundwater samples, respectively, for children and Teenagers, while HQfluoride > 1 for children was reported in 16.66% of the groundwater samples. Higher mean values of HQFluoride over HQNitrate supported added contribution of fluoride in groundwater of the study area in the non-carcinogenic human health risk over nitrate among different age groups of the local population. Overall, the average THI values were 0.205, 1.452, 1.025 and 0.821, respectively, for Infants, children, Teenagers, and Adults, and their trend was in the order: children > Teenagers > Adults > Infants. It was found that 90.5%, 54.8%, and 14.3% of the samples progressed beyond the standard limit (THI = 1) for children, Teenagers, and adults, respectively, illustrating that children are more prone to non-carcinogenic risks than other age groups. Further, NHHR of F− and NO3− in groundwater was higher for children, attributed to their lower body weight over teenagers and adults, besides average water consumption rates.

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Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to the Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore, for the constant encouragement and support in providing the necessary laboratory facility to carry out the work.

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  1. Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560 056, India

    K. L. Pushpa, P. Ravikumar & K. L. Prakash

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  1. K. L. Pushpa
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  2. P. Ravikumar
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  3. K. L. Prakash
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Correspondence to K. L. Prakash.

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Puspha, K.L. is presently a Research Scholar in the Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University. Her contribution is towards conceptualization and designing of experiments. Her area of interest is Water Resource Management.

K.L. Prakash is working in the Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University. He was involved in data acquisition, data preparation, final calculation and data tuning, data analysis through statistics for the analyzed water quality data. His area of interest is Environmental Science.

P. Ravikumar is presently working in the Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University. He was involved in generation of thematic and location map using baseline information. His area of interest is Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS.

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Pushpa, K.L., Ravikumar, P. & Prakash, K.L. Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride and Nitrate of Groundwater–A Case Study of the Central Dry Zone of Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka. J Geol Soc India 99, 1218–1224 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2454-2

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