References
Bergman, E.A. and Solomon, S.C. (1995) Earthquake source mechanism from body-waveform inversion intraplate tectonics in the northern Indian Ocean. Physics Earth Planet. Interiors, v.40, pp.1–23.
Bull, J.M. and Scrutton, R.A. (1990) Fault reactivation in the central Indian Ocean and the rheology of oceanic lithosphere. Nature, v.344, pp.855–858.
Carton, H., Singh, S.C., Hananto, N.D., Martin, J., Djajadihardja, Y.S., Udrekh, Franke, D. and Gaedicke, C. (2014) Deep seismic reflection images of the Wharton Basin oceanic crust and uppermost mantle offshore northern Sumatra: Relation with active and past deformation. Jour. Geophys. Res. v.119, pp.32–51.
Chamot-Rooke, N., Jestin, F., de Voogd, B. and Phèdre Working Group (1993) Intraplate shortening in the central Indian Ocean determined from a 2100-km-long north-south deep seismic reflection profile. Geology, v.21, pp.1043–1046.
Cochran, J. R. (1990) Himalayan uplift, sea level, and the record of Bengal Fan sedimentation at the ODP Leg 116 sites. Proceed Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, v.116, pp.397–414.
Coudurier-Curveur, A., Karakas, C., Singh, S. C., Tapponnier, P. Carton, H. and Hananto, N., (2020) Is there a nascent plate boundary in the northern Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL0887362
Delescluse, M. and Chamot-Rooke, N. (2007) Instantaneous deformation and kinematics of the India-Australia plate. Geophys. Jour. Internat., v.168, pp.818–842, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03181.x.
Deplus, C. (2001) Indian Ocean actively deforms. Science, v.292, pp.1850–1851, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061082.
Deplus, C., Diament, M., Hebert, H., Bertrand, G., Dominguez, S., Dubois, J., Malod, J., Patriat, P., Pontoise, B., and Sibilla, J.-J. (1998) Direct evidence of active deformation in the eastern Indian oceanic plate. Geology, v.26, pp.131–134.
Duputel, Z., Kanamori, H., Tsai, V. C., Rivera, L., Meng, L. S., Ampuero, J. P. and Stock, J. (2012) The 2012 Sumatra great earthquake sequence. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.351–352, pp.247–257.
Ekström, G., Nettles, M. and Dziewoñski, A. M. (2012) The global CMT project 2004–2010: Centroid moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes. Physics Earth Planet. Interiors, v.200–201, pp.1–9, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002.
Gordon, R. G. and Houseman, G. A. (2015) Deformation of Indian Ocean lithosphere: Evidence for a highly nonlinear rheological law. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.121, pp.4434–4449.
Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C.F. (1954) Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena. Princeton University Press, USA.
Hananto, N. et al. (2018) Evidence of pervasive trans-tensional deformation in the northwestern Wharton Basin in the 2012 earthquakes rupture area. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.502, pp.174–186, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.09.007.
Harrison, T.M., Copeland, P., Kidd, W.S.F. and Yin, A. (1992) Raising Tibet. Science, v.255, pp.1663–1670, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5052.1663.
Hill, E.M., Yue, H., Barbot, S., Lay, T., Tapponnier, P., Hermawan, I., Hubbard, J., Banerjee, P., Feng, L., Natawidjaja, D. and Sieh, K. (2015) The 2012 Mw 8.6 Wharton Basin sequence: A cascade of earthquakes generated by near orthogonal, young, oceanic mantle faults. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.120, pp.3723–3747.
Jacob, J., Dyment, J. and Yatheesh, V. (2014) Revisiting the structure, age, and evolution of the Wharton Basin to better understand subduction under Indonesia. Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 119, pp.169–190.
Krishna, K.S., Bull, J.M. and Scrutton, R.A. (2009) Early (pre-8 Ma) fault activity and temporal strain accumulation in the central Indian Ocean. Geology, v.37, pp.227–230.
Lay, T., Ye, L., Ammon, C.J., Dunham, A. and Koper, K.D. (2016) The 2 March 2016 Wharton Basin Mw 7.8 earthquake: High stress drop north-south strike-slip rupture in the diffuse oceanic deformation zone between the Indian and Australian Plates. Geophys. Res. Lett., v.43, pp.7937–7945, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069931.
McNeill, L.C., et al. (2017) Understanding Himalayan erosion and the significance of the Nicobar Fan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.475, pp.134–142.
Meng, L., Ampuero, J.-P., Stock, J., Duputel, Z., Luo, Y. and Tsai, V. C. (2012). Earthquake in a maze: Compressional rupture branching during the 2012 Mw 8.6 Sumatra earthquake. Science, v.337, pp.724–726.
Molnar, P., England, P. and Martinod, J. (1993) Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and Indian Monsoon. Rev. Geophys., v.31, pp.357–396.
Petroy, D. E. and Wiens, D. A. (1989) Historical seismicity and implications for diffuse plate convergence in the northeast Indian Ocean. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.94, pp.12301–12319.
Prawirodirdjo, L., Bock, Y., Genrich, J. F., Puntodewo, S. S. O., Rais, J., Subarya, C. and Sutisna, S. (2000) One century of tectonic deformation along the Sumatran fault from triangulation and GPS surveys. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.105, pp.28343–28361.
Qin, Y. and Singh, S.C. (2015) Seismic evidence of a two-layer lithospheric deformation in the Indian Ocean. Nature Communications, v.6, pp.9298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9298.
Royer, J.-Y. and Gordon, R. G. (1997) The motion and boundary between the Capricorn and Australian plates. Science, v.277, pp.1268–1274, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5330.1268.
Satriano, C., Kiraly, E., Bernard, P. and Vilotte, J.-P. (2012) The 2012 Mw 8.6 Sumatra earthquake: Evidence of westward sequential seismic ruptures associated to the reactivation of a N-S ocean fabric. Geophys. Res. Lett., v.39, L15302.
Singh, S.C., Hananto, N., Qin, Y., Leclerc, F., Avianto, P., Tapponnier, P.E., Carton, H., Wei, S., Nugroho, A. B., Gemilang, W. A., Sieh, K. and Barbot, S. (2017) The Discovery of a Conjugate System of Faults in the Wharton Basin Intra-plate Deformation Zone. Science Advances, v.3, e1601689, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601689.
Singh, S.C., Carton, H., Chauhan, A.S., Androvandi, S., Davaille, A., Dyment, J., Cannat, M. and Hananto, N.D. (2011) Extremely thin crust in the Indian Ocean possibly resulting from plume-ridge interaction. Geophys. Jour. Internat., v.184, pp.29–42, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04823.x.
Stein, S. and Okal, E.A. (1978) Seismicity and tectonics of the Ninetyeast Ridge area: Evidence for internal deformation of the Indian plate. Jour. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth, v.83(B5), pp.2233–2245.
Stevens, D.E., McNeill, L., Henstock, T.A., Delescluse, M., Chamot-Rooke, N. and Bull, J. (2020) A complete structural model and kinematic history for distributed deformation in the Wharton Basin. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.538, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116218.
Sykes, L.R. (1970) Seismicity of the Indian Ocean and a possible nascent island arc between Ceylon and Australia. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.75, pp.5041–5055.
Wei, S., Helmberger, D. and Avouac, J.-P. (2013) Modeling the 2012 Wharton Basin earthquake off Sumatra; complete lithospheric failure. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.118, pp.3592–3609.
Yue, H., Lay, T. and Koper, K.D. (2012) En echelon and orthogonal fault ruptures of the 11 April 2012 great intraplate earthquakes. Nature, v.490, pp.245–249.
Wiens, D. A. and Stein, S. (1984). Intraplate seismicity and stresses in young oceanic lithosphere. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.89, pp.11442–11464.
Acknowledgments
The bathymetry and seismic reflection data were acquired by the French R/V Marion Dufresne in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and the deep seismic reflection by Western Geco M/V Geco Searcher in 2006. The seismic image shown in Fig.4 is prepared by Muriel Laurencin. I would like to thank Dhananjai Pandey for providing information about MoES projects and Fig. 6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, S.C. Intra-plate Deformation, Great Earthquakes and Nascent Plate Boundary in the Indian Ocean. J Geol Soc India 97, 681–686 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-021-1750-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-021-1750-y