References
Kaila, K.L. and Sain, K. (1997) Variation of crustal velocity structure in India as determined from DSS studies and their implications on regional tectonics Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.49, pp.395–407
Kumar, P.C. and Sain, K. (2018) Attribute amalgamation-aiding interpretation of faults from seismic data: An example from Waitara 3D prospect, offshore Taranaki basin, New Zealand, Jour. App. Geophys., v.159, pp.52–68.
Kumar, P.C., Sain, K. and Mandal A. (2019a) Delineation of a buried volcanic system in Kora prospect off New Zealand using artificial neural networks and its implications, Jour. App. Geophys., v.161, pp.56–75.
Kumar, P.C., Omosanya, K.O. and Sain, K. (2019b) Sill cube: a novel automated approach for the interpretation of magmatic sill complexes on seismic reflection data, Jour. Mar. Petrol Geol., v.100, pp.60–84.
Mall, D.M., Reddy, P.R. and Mooney, W.D. (2008) Collision tectonics of the central Indian suture zone as inferred from a deep seismic sounding study Tectonophysics, v.460, pp.116–123
Mandal, B., Sen, M.K. and Rao, V. V. (2013) New Seismic Images of the central Indian Suture Zone and their tectonic implications Tectonics, v.32(4), pp.908–921
Mandal, B., Sen, M.K., Rao, V.V. and Mann, J. (2014) Deep Seismic Image Enhancement with the Common Reflection Surface (CRS) Stack Method: Evidence from the Aravalli-Delhi fold belt of Northwestern India. Geophys. Jour. Internat., v.196(2), pp.902–917
Mandal, B., Rao, V.V., Sen, M.K., Karuppannan, P. and Sarkar, D. (2018) Common Reflection Surface stack imaging of the Proterozoic Chambalvalley Vindhyan basin and its boundary fault in the northwest India — Constraints on crustal evolution and basin formation. Tectonics, v.37(5) pp.1393–1410
Mooney, W.D. and Christensen, N.I. (1994) Composition of the crust beneath the Kenya rift. Tectonophysics, v.236, pp.391–408
Ojha, M., Sen, M.K. and Sain, K. (2016) Imaging of gas hydrate bearing sediments by full waveform inversion of multichannel seismic data from Krishna-Godavari basin, India. Jour. Seis. Expl., v.25, pp.359–373.
Prasad, B.R. and Rao, V.V. (2006) Deep seismic reflection study over the Vindhyans of Rajasthan: Implications for geological setting of the basin Jour. Earth Syst. Sci., v.115, pp.135–147.
Prasad, B.R., Klemperer S.L., Rao, V.V., Tewari, H.C. and Khare Prakash (2011) Crustal structure beneath the sub-Himalayan fold-thrust belt, Kangra recess, northwest India, from seismic reflection profiling: Implications for Late Paleoproterozoic orogenesis and modern earthquake hazard. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., v.308, pp.218–228.
Rao, V.V., Sain, K., Reddy, P.R. and Mooney, W.D. (2006) Crustal structure and tectonics of the northern part of the Southern Granulite Terrain, India Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.251, pp.90–103.
Sain, K., Minshull T.A., Singh, S.C. and Hobbs, R.W. (2000) Evidence for a thick free gas layer beneath the bottom simulating reflector in the Makran accretionary prism. Mar. Geol., v.164, pp.3–12.
Sain, K., Zelt, CA. and Reddy, P.R. (2002a) Imaging subvolcanic Mesozoics using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data in the Saurashtra peninsula of India. Geophys. Jour. Internat., v.150, pp.820–826.
Sain, K., Reddy, P.R. and Behera, L. (2002b) Imaging of low-velocity Gondwana sediments in the Mahanadi delta of India using travel time inversion of first arrival seismic data. Jour. App. Geophys., v.49, pp.163–171
Sain, K., Gao F, Pratt G R and Zelt C A (2004) Stratigraphy of sub-volcanic sediments using 2-D waveform tomography of wide-angle seismic data 5th International Conference & Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics Hyderabad-2004 SPG 503–507
Sain, K. (2008) An overview of the crustal structures in India from deep seismic sounding studies and their geotectonic implications, In: Singh, B. and Dimri, V.P. (Eds.) Mem. Geol.Soc. of India 68 123–150
Sain, K. and Gupta, H.K. (2012) Gas hydrates in India: Potential and Development Gondwana Res., v.22, pp.645–657.
Sain, K., Ojha, M., Satyavani, N., Ramadass, G.A., Ramprasad, T., Das, S.K. and Gupta, H.K. (2012) Gas hydrates in Krishna-Godavari and Mahanadi basins: new data. Jour. Geol. Soc. of India, v.79, pp.553–556
Sain, K. (2017) A possible future energy resource. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.89 pp.359–362
Sain, K., Nara Damodara, Pandey Vivekanand, Singh Satendra, Sreenivas, B., Patil, D.J., Chandrasekhar, N., Pandurangi, L.S., Mane, P.H. and Katiyar, G.C. (2018) Full waveform tomography of wide-angle SBN and modelling of gravity/magnetic data in the Kerala-Konkan offshore for delineation of basalt and sub-basalt formations (Unpublished Report), Submitted to ONGC, Mumbai
Sain, K. (2019) Controlled source seismology in India in the 21st century, In Harsh K. Gupta (Ed.), Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 1919–2019 Centennial Celebrations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Contributions from India, v.85(2) pp.453-468
Sarkar, D, Sain, K., Reddy, P.R., Catchings, R.D. and Mooney, W.D. (2007) Seismic-reflection images of the crust beneath the 2001 M = 7.7 Kutch (Bhuj) epicentral region, western India. In: Stein, S. and Mazzotti,S. (Eds.) Continental Intraplate Earthquakes: Science, Hazard, and Policy Issues: Geol Soc Amer. Spec. Paper, no.425, pp.319-327.
Singh, D., Kumar, P.C. and Sain, K. (2016) Interpretation of gas chimney from seismic data using artificial neural network: A study from the Maari 3D prospect of Taranaki basin, New Zealand. Jour. Natural Gas Sci. Engg., v.36, pp.339–357.
Zelt, C.A., Sain, K., Naumenko, J.V. and Sawyer, D.S. (2003) Assessment of crustal velocity models using seismic refraction and reflection tomography Geophys. Jour. Internat., v.153, pp.609–626.
Acknowledgements
Prof. Harsh K. Gupta is gratefully acknowledged for inviting me to write this editorial. Special thanks are due to all members of the Seismic Group for generating huge volume of data and information. Director, WIHG, Dehradun is acknowledged for permission.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sain, K. State-of-the-art Seismic Tools for Subsurface Imaging. J Geol Soc India 94, 337–340 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-019-1320-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-019-1320-8