Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Utilization of cellulose based agro-waste as reinforcement for unsaturated polyester composites

International Journal of Plastics Technology volume 20, pages 203–218 (2016)Cite this article

Abstract

The current work has two purposes; the former is to extract micro crystalline cellulose (Cel-2) from landfill materials namely olive husk residue (OHR). The latter is to check the potential of the Cel-2 as reinforcing agent for unsaturated polyester resin (uPE) composites. The OHR is an agro-waste material with deep brown color. It was treated with hydrogen peroxide solution, followed by mercerization to obtain cellulosic based material (Cel-1). The Cel-1 was immersed in concentrated hydrochloric acid to liberate the micro crystalline cellulose (cel-2). The Cel-2 has been characterized by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), wide angle X-ray scattering, particle size analysis from the dry state, thermo-gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The reinforcing ability of the Cel-2 was checked by incorporation into UPE. The composites were inspected with reference to their mechanical properties particularly impact strength, flexural strength. The possibility of interactions between carbonyl of the uPE and the hydroxyl of the Cel-2 was evaluated by ATR-IR. The quality of bonding between both components was inspected by SEM.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

References

  1. Krassing HA (1993) Cellulose structure, accessibilty and reactivity, vol 11. Gordon and Breach science Publisher, NY

    Google Scholar 

  2. Page DH, El-Hossieny F (1983) J Pulp Paper Sci 9:99

    Google Scholar 

  3. Satyanarayana KG, Guilmaraes JL, Wypych F (2007) Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 38:1694–1709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Morán JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP, Vazquez A (2008) Cellulose 15:149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sturcova A, Davies GR, Eichhorn SJ (2005) Elastic modulus and stress-transfer properties of tunicate cellulose whiskers. Biomacromolecules 6(2):1055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dufresne A, Cavaille JY, Vignon MR (1997) Mechanical behavior of sheets prepared from sugar beet cellulose microfibrils. J Appl Polym Sci 64(6):1185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Purkait BS, Ray D, Sengupta S, Kar T, Mohanty A, Misra M (2011) Ind Eng Chem Res 50:871–876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Luduena L, Fasce D, Alvaarez V, Stefani P (2011) BioResourses 6:1440–1453

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mousa A, Heinrich G (2012) The effect of microwave irradiation on the physical and morphological behavior of olive husk biomass and its application in XNBR vulcanizates. Waste Biomass Valor 3:157–164. doi:10.1007/s12649-011-9106-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rosa MF, Medeiros ES, Malmonge JA, Gregorski KS, Woodb DF, Mattoso LHC, Glenn G, Orts WJ, Imamb SH (2010) Carbohydr Polym 81:83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mwaikambo LY, Ansell MP (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 84(12):2222–2234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. El-Sakhawy M, Hassan ML (2007) Carbohydr Polym 67:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. André LSP, Diego MN, Edna MSC, João PSM, Men SMS, Morsyleide FR (2010). In: 7th International symposium on natural polymers and composites, ISNaPOL, pp 1077–1079

  14. Nada AM, El-Kady M, Abd El-Sayed E, Amine FM (2009) BioResources 4:1359–1371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mousa A, Heinrich G, Simon F, Wagenknecht U, Stöckelhuber K (2012) Mater Res 15(4):671–678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mousa A, Heinrich G, Wagenknecht U (2012) Int Polym Process 3:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mousa A, Heinrich G, Wagenknecht U (2011) Polym Plast Technol Eng 50(13):1388–1392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Ahmad Mousa is thankful for the administration and the technical staff of the Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden (Germany) for making all the facilities available to carry out this project. I am also grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for the research scholarship to carry out this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, 19117, Jordan

    Ahmad Mousa

  2. Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Gert Heinrich, Udo Wagenknecht & Dieter Jehnichen

  3. Institute Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Gert Heinrich

Authors
  1. Ahmad Mousa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gert Heinrich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Udo Wagenknecht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dieter Jehnichen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmad Mousa.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mousa, A., Heinrich, G., Wagenknecht, U. et al. Utilization of cellulose based agro-waste as reinforcement for unsaturated polyester composites. Int J Plast Technol 20, 203–218 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-016-9149-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-016-9149-0

Keywords

search

Navigation