Finite element modelling and performance optimization of an ion thruster depending on the nature of the propellant

Abstract

The electrostatic propulsion is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power and this kind of systems are characterized by high exhaust velocities and specific impulse, enhancing the propulsive performances of thrusters compared to conventional chemical thrusters. Since the ionized particle exhaust velocity is a function of the ratio between the electrical charge and their molecular mass, the obvious solution is to use ions with low electrical charge–molecular mass ratio. Currently, the most used propellant for the space propulsion is the Xenon gas, as it has a series of important advantages, but is quite expensive when compared to other propellants. This paper aims to make an optimization of the ideal ion propulsion systems depending on the nature of the propellant, like common used substances in the space propulsion, but also other substances which are potential candidates for this application. A variety of ion thruster performances will be analyzed, such as force, specific impulse, efficiency for the same power available onboard, the same accelerating voltage, and the same ion current. Also, for the Xenon case a numerical simulation was performed to highlight the behavior and trajectory of the ionized particles and their velocity. The conclusion obtained following the study is that a reasonable ion thruster regarding the dimensions should use an accelerating potential of at least 4000 V and 2 A of ion current.