Abstract
We investigated changes in the cranial/cephalic index of the Korean population in millennia, centuries, and recent decades. Secular changes of Korean’s cephalic index in history were studied using the data of archaeology literature and our measurement data of different adult skull sets for the fifteenth–nineteenth century Joseon people, the Korean War victims (1950–1953), and the Korean skeletons collected by medical schools in the 1960s. A change in head shape during the last century was also estimated by the analysis on Korean cephalometric datasets of Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science. In brief, over the past 2000 years, the crania of Korean people have steadily changed from mesocephalic to brachycephalic, mainly due to the cranial length shortening. Brachycephalization accelerated at the beginning of the twentieth century and continued until the early twenty-first century, largely caused by increased cephalic breadth. We also note that debrachycephalization began in birth cohorts around 1965 for males and around 1970 for females. Taken together, we figure out that the head shape of Korean people has been gradually shortened over millennia and then has undergone dramatic shortening in the last century. In recent decades, however, the changing pattern has reversed to debrachycephalization, for which we discussed about the possible causes in the present report.
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Acknowledgements
We wish to express our gratitude to the Medical Research Collaboration Center (MRCC) for their support with statistical analysis. This work was supported by the Education and Research Encouragement Fund of Seoul National University Hospital (2020).
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YIH designed the study. YIH, YSM, CSO, DHS collected samples and literature. YIH and YSM performed osteological measurements, JHH and DHS contributed statistical analysis. YIH, YSM, JHH, DHS wrote the manuscript. YIH did final editing of the manuscript.
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Min, Y.S., Oh, C.S., Hong, J.H. et al. Ancient to modern secular changes in the cranial/cephalic index in Korea: historical brachycephalization and recent debrachycephalization. Anat Sci Int 95, 363–373 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-020-00529-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-020-00529-z