Skip to main content
Log in

Effects of college experiences on male and female student leadership capacity in Taiwan

  • Published:
Asia Pacific Education Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examined how college experiences affect student leadership capacity in the general college population, as well as in male versus female populations. The data were drawn from a longitudinal sample of students across 156 colleges in Taiwan. Results of this study indicated that student leadership capacity increased after college entry. After controlling for pre-college experiences and structural characteristics, various college experiences of curricular learning, cocurricular learning, and interpersonal interaction persisted as significant factors affecting student leadership capacity across genders. College experiences of class skipping and campus residence demonstrated different effects than those found in the Western literature. Comparative results of male and female students in various contexts detected using a statistical method and criteria demonstrated that, in the case of Taiwanese college students, both genders were similarly affected by their college experiences as far as leadership capacity is concerned.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antonio, A. L. (2001). The role of interracial interaction in the development of leadership skills and cultural knowledge and understanding. Research in Higher Education, 42, 593–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (1977). Four critical years. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (1991). Assessment for excellence: The philosophy and practice of assessment and evaluation in higher education. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (1993a). An empirical typology of college students. Journal of College Student Development, 34, 37–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (1993b). What matters in college? Four critical years revisited. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (1999). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Development, 40(5), 518–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (2003). Studying how college affects students: A personal history of the CIRP. About Campus, 8(3), 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W., & Denson, N. (2009). Multi-campus studies of college impact: Which statistic method is appropriate? Research in Higher Education, 50, 354–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avolio, B., et al. (2005). Executive summary: 100 year review of leadership intervention research: Briefings report 2004–01, Gallup Leadership Institute. Kravis Leadership Institute, Leadership Review, 5, 7–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, L. L. (1990). The undergraduate experience: Commonalities and differences. Research in Higher Education, 37(3), 271–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balón, D. G. (2005). Asian Pacific American college students on leadership: Culturally marginalized from the leader role? NASPA’s NetResultS. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http://daniello.balon-home.net/Balon_APAs_Leadership.pdf.

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter-Magolda, M. B. (1992). Knowing and reasoning in college: Gender-related patterns in students’ intellectual development. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boatwright, K. J., & Egidio, R. K. (2003). Psychological predictors of college women’s leadership aspirations. Journal of College Student Development, 44(5), 653–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, A. N. (2003). Changes in attitudes toward women’s roles: Predicting gender-role traditionalism among college students. Sex Roles, 48, 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carini, R. M., Kuh, G. D., & Klein, S. P. (2006). Student engagement and student learning: Testing the linkage. Research in Higher Education, 47(1), 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 464–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbins, G. H., & Platz, S. J. (1986). Sex differences in leadership: How real are they? Academy of Management Review, 11, 118–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugan, J. P. (2006a). Explorations using the social change model: Leadership development among college men and women. Journal of College Student Development, 47(2), 217–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan, J. P. (2006b). Involvement and leadership: A descriptive analysis of socially responsible leadership. Journal of College Student Development, 47(3), 335–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan, J. P., & Komives, S. R. (2010). Influences on college students’ capacities for socially responsible leadership. Journal of College Student Development, 51, 525–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan, J. P., Komives, S. R., & Segar, T. C. (2008). College student capacity for socially responsible leadership: Understanding norms and influences of race, gender, and sexual orientation. NASPA Journal, 45(4), 475–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkel, N., Bray, K., & Wofford, A. (1989). Training and raising awareness in career knowledge. Gainesville: Division of Housing, University of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., Karau, S. J., & Makhijani, M. G. (1995). Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 125–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, S. (2003). Academic enablers and the development of academic competent students. In B. Bartlett, F. Bryer, & D. Roebuck (Eds.), Re-imagining practice–researching change (Vol. 1, pp. 38–60). Brisbane: Griffith University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, K. A., & Newcomb, T. M. (1969). The impact of college on students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furr, S. R., & Elling, T. W. (2000). The influence of work on college student development. NASPA Journal, 37(2), 454–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, J. (1996). Conclusion. In R. Kincaid (Ed.), Student employment: Linking college and the workplace (pp. 131–136). Columbia, SC: National Resource Center for The Freshman Year Experience and Students in Transition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea, R. M. (2005). Self-reported data in institutional research: Review and recommendations. In P. D. Umbach (Ed.), Survey research emerging issues: New directions for institutional research (pp. 73–89). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, M. A. (1993). Regression with dummy variables. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, I., & Dempster, N. (2004). Student leadership development through general classroom activities. In B. Bartlett (Ed.), Educating: Weaving research into practice (pp. 141–150), Surfers Paradise, QLD, Australia.

  • Hoyt, C. L. (2005). The role of leadership efficacy and stereotype activation in women’s identification with leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), 2–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S., & Kuh, G. D. (2003). Diversity experiences and college student learning and personal development. Journal of College Student Development, 44(3), 320–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., & Chang, S. M. (2004). Academic and cocurricular involvement: Their relationship and the best combinations for student growth. Journal of College Student Development, 45(4), 391–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, K. K. (2001). The deep structure of Confucianism: A social psychological approach. Asian Philosophy, 11(3), 179–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, S., & Kim, N. (2004). Transition from high school to higher education and work in Korea, from the competency-based education perspective. International Journal of Educational Development, 24(6), 691–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karnes, F. A., & Bean, S. M. (1999). Lead the way to leadership education. Education Digest, 64, 62–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kezar, A., & Moriarty, D. (2000). Expanding our understanding of student leadership development: A study exploring gender and ethnic identity. Journal of College Student Development, 41(1), 55–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komives, S. R., Longerbeam, S. D., Mainella, F., Osteen, L., Owen, J. E., & Wagner, W. (2009). Leadership identity development: Challenges in applying a developmental model. Journal of Leadership Education, 8(1), 11–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komives, S. R., Owen, J. E., Longerbeam, S. D., Mainella, F. C., & Osteen, L. (2005). Developing a leadership identity: A grounded theory. Journal of College Student Development, 46(6), 593–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuh, G. D., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J. A., Bridges, B. K., & Hayek, J. C. (2006). What matters to student success: A review of the literature. Commissioned Report for the National Symposium on Postsecondary Student Success: Spearheading a dialog on student success. National Postsecondary Education Cooperative. Retrieved December 25, 2010, from http://nces.ed.gov/npec/pdf/Kuh_Team_Report.pdf.

  • Lee, J. W., Jones, P. S., Mineyama, Y., & Zhang, X. E. (2002). Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale. Research in Nursing and Health, 25, 295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon-Slaney, F. (1993). Theory to practice in cocurricular activities: A new model for student involvement. College Student Affairs Journal, 12(2), 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, T. J. (2001). Career-relevant learning and development, worker age, and beliefs about self-efficacy for development. Journal of Management, 27, 123–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, M. J., Tanguma, J., & López-Forment, A. S. (2002). Extending self-efficacy theory to leadership: A review and empirical test. Journal of Leadership Education, 1, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education in Taiwan. (2009). Post-secondary schools summary table: 19982008 academic year. Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http://www.edu.tw/statistics/content.aspx?site_content_sn=8869 [in Chinese].

  • Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership. (2010). Study description. Retrieved December 26, 2010, from http://www.leadershipstudy.net/ir-study-description.html.

  • Owen, J. E., & Komives, S. R. (2007). Does credit matter? Examining the effects of curricular leadership programs. Concepts & Connections, 15(3), 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E. T. (2001). Using student self-reported gains to estimate college impact: A cautionary tale. Journal of College Student Development, 42, 488–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How college affects students: Findings and Insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, G. R. (1995). The relationship between self reports of college experiences and achievement test scores. Research in Higher Education, 36, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, G. R., Kuh, G. D., & Gonyea, R. M. (2003). The relationship between institutional mission and students’ involvement and educational outcomes. Research in Higher Education, 44(2), 241–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, G. R., Kuh, G. D., & Massa-Mckinley, R. (2008). First-year students’ employment engagement, and academic achievement: Untangling the relationship between work and grades. NASPA Journal, 45(4), 560–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, G. N. (1990). One more time: Do male and female managers differ? Academy of Management Executive, 12, 731–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax, L. J., Bryant, A. N., & Haper, C. E. (2005). The differential effects of student-faculty interaction on college outcomes for women and men. Journal of College Student Development, 46(6), 642–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sean, T., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F., & Harms, P. D. (2008). Leadership efficacy: Review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 669–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shertzer, J. E., & Schuh, J. H. (2004). College student perceptions of leadership: Empowering and constraining beliefs. NASPA Journal, 42(1), 111–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shieh, H. P., Gong, Y. W., & Huang, S. Z. (1992). An investigation on the current status of cocurricular involvement among college students. Research in Moral Education, 319(3), 39–56. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, J. C., Ethington, C. A., Riggs, R. O., & Thompson, M. D. (2002). Influences of institutional expenditure patterns on the development of students’ leadership competencies. Research in Higher Education, 43, 115–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. D. (2006). Student leadership progress development: An assessment of contributing college resources. Journal of College Student Development, 47(3), 343–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Titus, M. A. (2004). An examination of the influence of institutional context on student persistence at 4-year colleges and universities: A multi-level approach. Research in Higher Education, 45(7), 673–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L. (2005). Do measures of college quality matter? The effect of college quality on graduates’ earnings. The Review of Higher Education, 28(4), 571–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author is indebted to two anonymous reviewers for their insightful and valuable comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ching-Ling Wu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wu, CL. Effects of college experiences on male and female student leadership capacity in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. 12, 641–652 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9162-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9162-0

Keywords

Navigation