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Dietary supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates chronic sodium arsenite toxicity in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as revealed by histopathological, biochemical and immune gene expression analysis

Fisheries Science volume 85, pages 199–215 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

Arsenic toxicity in an aquatic environment is a major concern, and its elimination has become a global challenge. In the current study, histopathology, serum biomarkers and cytokine gene expression were comparatively examined in fish fed with a control diet or diets containing Chlorella vulgaris (Ch) after exposure to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with the aim of evaluating the protective role of Ch against arsenite-induced toxicity. Severe histopathological alterations were evident in fish exposed to 7 ppm (parts per million) arsenite for 21 days, compared to unexposed fish. Levels of serum biomarkers ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine were increased, but the levels of Na+, total proteins, albumins and globulins were decreased. Moreover, the expression of all the cytokine genes examined, including IL-1β (7-fold), TNF-α (14-fold) and TGF-β1 (13-fold), were significantly upregulated after arsenite exposure. However, in fish fed with diets containing 5% or 10% Ch, the histopathological alterations in the gills, liver and head kidney were reduced, the biomarkers were stabilized, and the upregulation of cytokine gene expression was lowered, with the high Ch diet (10%) showing more prominent effects. These results suggest the protective and therapeutic roles of Ch as a feed supplement in Nile tilapia against arsenic induced toxicity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

    Eman Zahran

  2. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

    Walaa Awadin

  3. Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

    Engy Risha

  4. Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Asmaa A. Khaled

  5. Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK

    Tiehui Wang

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  1. Eman Zahran
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Zahran, E., Awadin, W., Risha, E. et al. Dietary supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates chronic sodium arsenite toxicity in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as revealed by histopathological, biochemical and immune gene expression analysis. Fish Sci 85, 199–215 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-018-1274-6

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Keywords

  • Fish
  • Heavy metals
  • Algae
  • Immunity
  • Enzymatic activity
  • Tissue alterations