Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic characteristics of Pacific cod populations in Korea based on microsatellite markers

  • Original Article
  • Biology
  • Published:
Fisheries Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) is a commercially important species in Korea. However, overfishing in the 1990s caused a strong decline in catch, and in response, artificially cultured juveniles have been released annually to enhance the stocks. Cod fishing has recently increased in Korea, and the variation within the cod population necessitates the study of their genetic characteristics. In this study, we utilized two newly developed and eight previously reported microsatellite markers to examine the genetic characteristics of Pacific cod populations. We compared the genetic diversity and genetic structure of three cod populations from the Korean coasts with three populations from the North Pacific Ocean. Genetic differences were identified in the eastern sea cod population from Korea. These genetic differences included a large number of alleles per locus, a large number of unique alleles, higher frequencies of the most common alleles, and lower gene diversity compared to the other Korean populations. Additionally, the eastern sea cod population was genetically significantly differentiated from the southern and western sea populations in Korea, in which no significant genetic differentiation was detected (F ST = 0.033 and 0.031, respectively, P < 0.005).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. de Ligny W (1969) Serological and biochemical studies on fish populations. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 7:411–513

    Google Scholar 

  2. Utter FM (1991) Biochemical genetics and fishery management: an historical perspective. J Fish Biol 39:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Árnason E, Pálsson S, Arason A (1992) Gene flow and lack of population differentiation in Atlantic cod. Gadus morhua L., from Iceland, and comparison of cod from Norway and Newfoundland. J Fish Biol 40:751–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gjøsæter J, Jørstad KE, Nævdal G, Thorkildsen S (1992) Genotype distributions of cod from Norwegian Skagerrak coast. Sarsia 76:255–259

    Google Scholar 

  5. Carvalho GR, Hauser L (1998) Advances in the molecular analysis of fish population structure. Ital J Zool 65:21–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. O’Connell M, Dillon MC, Wright JM, Bentzen P, Merkouris S, Seeb J (1998) Genetic structuring among Alaskan Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) populations identified using microsatellite variability. J Fish Biol 53:150–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Garoia F, Guarniero I, Ramšak A, Ungaro N, Landi M, Piccinetti C, Mannini P, Tinti F (2004) Microsatellite DNA variation reveals high gene flow and panmictic populations in the Adriatic shared stocks of the European squid and cuttlefish (Cephalopoda). Heredity 93:166–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Valles-Jimenez R, Cruz P, Perez-Enriquez R (2004) Population genetic structure of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from Mexico to Panama: microsatellite DNA variation. Mar Biotechnol 6:475–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gilbert-Horvath EA, Larson RJ, Garza JC (2006) Temporal recruitment patterns and gene flow in kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens). Mol Ecol 15:3801–3815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. An HS, Kim MJ, Hong SW (2008) Genetic diversity of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus in southern Korea. Gene Genet 30:451–459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Asahida T, Kobayashi T, Saitoh K, Nakayama I (1996) Tissue preservation and total DNA extraction from fish stored at ambient temperature using buffers containing high concentration of urea. Fish Sci 62:727–730

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hamilton MB, Pincus EL, Di Fiore A, Flesher RC (1999) Universal linker and ligation procedures for construction of genomic DNA libraries enriched for microsatellites. BioTechniques 27:500–507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Miller KM, Le KD, Beacham TD (2000) Development of tri- and tetranucleotide repeat microsatellite loci in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Mol Ecol 9:238–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Stenvik J, Wesmajervi MS, Fjalestad KT, Damsgard B, Delghandi M (2006) Development of 25 gene-associated microsatellite markers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Mol Ecol Notes 6:1105–1107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wesmajervi MS, Tafese T, Stenvik J, Fjalestad KT, Damsgard B, Delghandi M (2007) Eight new microsatellite markers in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) derived from an enriched genomic library. Mol Ecol Notes 7:138–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. O’Reilly PT, Canino MF, Bailey KM, Bentzen P (2000) Isolation of twenty low stutter di- and tetranucleotide microsatellites for population analyses of walleye pollock and other gadoids. J Fish Biol 56:1074–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L (2000) Arlequin: a software for population genetic data. User manual version 2.000. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory. University of Geneva, Switzerland

  18. Nei M (1987) Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 287–326

  19. Rice WR (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Goudet J (1995) FSTAT: a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered 86:485–486

    Google Scholar 

  21. van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson WF, Wills DPM, Shipley P (2004) MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Mol Ecol Notes 4:135

    Google Scholar 

  22. Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38:1358–1370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Slatkin M (1995) A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139:457–462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Raymond M, Rousset F (1995) GENEPOP version 3.4: population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered 86:248–249

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Edwards AWF (1967) Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. Am J Hum Genet 19:233–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Felsenstein J (1989) PHYLIP—phylogeny inference package (cersion 3.2). Cladistics 5:164–166

    Google Scholar 

  27. Takezaki N, Nei M (1996) Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA. Genetics 144:389–399

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nei M (1972) Genetic distance between populations. Am Nat 106:283–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kilger C, Schmid K (1994) Rapid characterization of bacterial clones by microwave treatment and PCR. Trends Genet 10:149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ruzzante DE, Taggart CT, Cook D (1998) A nuclear DNA basis for shelf- and bank-scaled population structure in northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Labrador to Georges Bank. Mol Ecol 7:1663–1680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hutchinson WF, Carvalho GR, Rogers SI (2001) Marked genetic structuring in localised spawning populations of cod Gadus morhua in the North Sea and adjoining waters, as revealed by microsatellites. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 223:251–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nesbø CL, Rueness EK, Iversen SA, Skagen DW, Jakobsen KS (2000) Phylogeography and population history of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.): a genealogical approach reveals genetic structuring among the eastern Atlantic stocks. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 26:281–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Brandström M, Ellegren H (2008) Genome-wide analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in chicken circumventing the ascertainment bias. Genome Res 18:881–887

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. O’Reilly PT, Canino MF, Bailey KM, Bentzen P (2004) Inverse relationship between F ST and microsatellite polymorphism in the marine fish, walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma): implications for resolving weak population structure. Mol Ecol 13:1799–1814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Shaw P, Turan C, Wright J, O’Connell M, Carvalho G (1999) Microsatellite DNA analysis of population structure in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) with direct comparison to allozyme and mtDNA data. Heredity 83:490–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Grant WS, Zhang CI, Kobayashi T, Ståhl G (1987) Lack of genetic stock discretion in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44:490–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Park BH (1965) On the race of cods (Gadus macrocephalus) between Yellow Sea and Chin Hae Bay of Korea (in Korean). Fish Res Dev Agency Rep Fish Res 6:197–115

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang CI (1984) Pacific cod of South Korean waters. Bull Int North Pacific Fish Commun 42:116–129

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank professor J. K. Kim of Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, for help with sample collection. This study was supported by the Internship Program of the Biotechnology Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Republic of Korea (contribution number, RT-2010-BT-002). Views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NFRDI.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan, 619-902, Korea

    Mi-Jung Kim & Hye Suck An

  2. West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI, Inchon, 400-420, Korea

    Kwang-Ho Choi

Authors
  1. Mi-Jung Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hye Suck An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kwang-Ho Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hye Suck An.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kim, MJ., An, H.S. & Choi, KH. Genetic characteristics of Pacific cod populations in Korea based on microsatellite markers. Fish Sci 76, 595–603 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-010-0249-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-010-0249-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation