Abstract
Chinese chive Allium tuberosum oil was studied for its diallyl sulfide content and its antimicrobial activity against Flavobacterium columnare in fish both in vitro and. The oil was found to have a very low concentration of diallyl monosulfide relative to the other diallyl sulfides (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, and diallyl tetrasulfide) identified. In the in vitro study, the Chinese chive oil had a bacteriocidal effect on all tested strains of F. columnare, with varied minimal inhibitory concentrations. The median lethal dose (LD50) of FC4 for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was determined to be 3.72 × 103 CFU/fish. In the in vivo trial, no mortality was observed in fish fed fish diets supplemented with 800 mg/kg Chinese chive oil and 100 mg/kg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride 5 days prior to infection with F. columnare strain 4 at a LD50. These results indicate that Chinese chive oil has the potential to replace antibiotics for controlling fish disease caused by F. columnare.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wakabayashi H (1993) Columnaris disease. In: Inglis V, Roberts RJ, Bromage NR (eds) Bacterial diseases of fish. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 23–39
Wakabayashi H (1991) Effects of environmental conditions on the infectivity of Flexibacter columnaris to fish. J Fish Dis 14:279–290
Aldermann DJ, Hastings TS (1998) Antibiotic use in aquaculture: development of antibiotic resistance-potential for consumer health risks. Int J Food Sci Technol 33:139–155
Abutbul S, Golan-Goldhirsh A, Barazani O, Zilberg D (2004) Use of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment against Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquaculture 238:97–105
Pachanawan A, Phumkhachorn P, Rattanachaikunsopon P (2008) Potential of Psidium guajava supplemented fish diets in controlling Aeromonas hydrophila infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Biosci Bioeng 106:419–424
Rattanachaikunsopon P, Phumkhachorn P (2009) Prophylactic effect of Andrographis paniculata extracts against Streptococcus agalactiae infecting Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Biosci Bioeng 107:579–582
Hu G, Lu Y, Wei D (2006) Chemical characterization of Chinese chive seed (Allium tuberosum Rottl.). Food Chem 99:693–697
Mau JL, Chen CP, Hsieh PO (2001) Antimicrobial effect of extracts from Chinese chive, cinnamon, and corni fructus. J Agric Food Chem Sci 49:183–188
Yin MC, Tsao SM (1999) Inhibitory effect of seven Allium plants upon three Aspergillus species. Int J Food Microbiol 49:49–56
Rattanachaikunsopon P, Phumkhachorn P (2008) Diallyl sulfide content and antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria of chives (Allium schoenoprasum). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72:2987–2991
Block E, Naganathan S, Putman D, Zhao SH (1992) Allium chemistry: HPLC analysis of thiosulfinates from onion, garlic, wild garlic (Ramsoms), leek, scallion, shallot, elephant garlic, chive and Chinese chive. Uniquely high allyl methyl ratios in some garlic samples. J Agric Food Chem 40:2418–2430
Darwish AM, Ismaiel AA, Newton JC, Tang J (2004) Identification of Flavobacterium columnare by a species-specific polymerase chain reaction and renaming of ATCC 43622 strain to Flavobacterium johnsoniae. Mol Cell Probes 18:421–427
Decostere A, Haesebrouck F, Devriese LA (1997) Shieh medium supplemented with tobramycin for selective isolation of Flavobacterium columnare (Flexibacter columnaris) from diseased fish. J Clin Microbiol 35:322–324
Ravid U, Putievsky E (1985) Essential oils of Israeli wild species of Labiatae. In: Svendsen B, Scheffer JJ (eds) Essential oils and aromatic plants. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp 155–161
Sparnins VL, Barany G, Wattenberg LW (1988) Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 9:131–134
Lawson LD, Wang ZY, Hughes BG (1991) Identification and HPLC quantification of the sulfides and dialk(en)yl thiosufinates in commercial garlic products. Planta Med 57:363–370
Amsterdam D (1996) Susceptibility testing of antimicrobial in liquid media. In: Loman V (ed) Antibiotics in laboratory medicine, 4th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 52–111
AFS–FHS (American Fisheries Society-Fish Health Section) (2003) Suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens, 5th edn. Fish Health Section, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda
Reed LJ, Muench H (1938) A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27:493–497
Tsao SM, Yin MC (2001) In vitro antimicrobial activity of four diallyl sulphides occurring naturally in garlic and Chinese leek oils. J Med Microbiol 50:646–649
Rattanachaikunsopon P, Phumkhachorn P (2007) Bacteriostatic effect of flavonoids isolated from leaves of Psidium guajava on fish pathogens. Fitoterapia 78:434–436
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rattanachaikunsopon, P., Phumkhachorn, P. Potential of Chinese chive oil as a natural antimicrobial for controlling Flavobacterium columnare infection in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus . Fish Sci 75, 1431–1437 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-009-0171-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-009-0171-4