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Detection of Multiple Human Sapoviruses from Imported Frozen Individual Clams

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Abstract

Sapovirus (SaV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, is an important acute gastroenteritis pathogen in humans. Consumption of raw or inadequately cooked clams is one transmission route of human SaV. Sixty individual clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) were from market and tested for human SaVs using two nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, one of which was recently developed and effectively detected human SaV from environmental water samples. The nested RT-PCR effective for water samples showed a higher detection rate (68.3 %, 41 of 60 clams) than the other nested RT-PCR (43.3 %, 26 of 60 clams). Based on the sequence analysis of the partial capsid region, SaV strains detected in this study were classified into nine genotypes: GI.1, GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.7, GII.3, GII.4, GIV.1, and GV.1. We demonstrated for the first time the presence of multiple genogroups and/or genotypes of SaV strains in the individual clams. Using a more sensitive assay such as we described to test individual clam samples will help to identify the source of a SaV-gastroenteritis outbreak.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Food safety from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Virology, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Shimane, Japan

    Setsuko Iizuka & Hitoshi Ohshiro

  2. Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan

    Reiko Takai-Todaka, Takaji Wakita, Kazuhiko Katayama & Tomoichiro Oka

  3. Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Masaaki Kitajima

  4. Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA

    Qiuhong Wang, Linda J. Saif & Tomoichiro Oka

  5. Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

    Mamoru Noda

Authors
  1. Setsuko Iizuka
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  2. Reiko Takai-Todaka
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  3. Hitoshi Ohshiro
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  4. Masaaki Kitajima
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  5. Qiuhong Wang
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  6. Linda J. Saif
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  7. Takaji Wakita
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  8. Mamoru Noda
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  9. Kazuhiko Katayama
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  10. Tomoichiro Oka
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tomoichiro Oka.

Additional information

Setsuko Iizuka and Reiko Takai-Todaka contributed equally to this study.

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Iizuka, S., Takai-Todaka, R., Ohshiro, H. et al. Detection of Multiple Human Sapoviruses from Imported Frozen Individual Clams. Food Environ Virol 5, 119–125 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-013-9109-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-013-9109-1

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