Abstract
5th generation mobile networks (5G) provides better support for Internet of Things (IoT). However, heavy IoT traffic flowing into the Internet causes network congestion, which significantly degrades network performance and quality of service (QoS). In this paper, the congestion problem in IoT is formulated as a control problem. And then adaptive backstepping is applied to resolve the congestion control problem and a new congestion control mechanism called Congestion Control Based on Priority (CCBP) is proposed. CCBP is aware of the packet loss ratios in the access network by estimation. Besides, priority parameters can be adjusted according to the priority of different applications to achieve different congestion control in CCBP. Simulation results clarify that the convergence time of CCBP is 5% of BARED and the packet loss ratio of CCBP is 4 orders of magnitude lower than BARED. And the throughput of CCBP is 4 times that of BARED. Different throughputs and queue packet loss ratios are achieved by adjusting parameters. Besides, when network parameters such as RTT and packet loss ratio in access network change, CCBP also has satisfactory performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
L. S. Brakmo and L. Peterson, “TCP vegas: End to end congestion avoidance on a global internet,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1465–1480, 1995.
S. Floyd, T. Henderson, and A. Gurtov, “The newreno modification to TCP’s fast recovery algorithm,” Rfc, vol. 345, no. 2, pp. 414–418, 2012.
N. Cardwell, Y. Cheng, C. S. Gunn, S. H. Yeganeh, and V. Jacobson, “BBR: Congestion-based congestion control,” Communications of the Acm, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 58–66, 2017.
S. Floyd and V. Jacobson, “Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 397–413, 1993.
J. Aweya, M. Ouellette, D. Y. Montuno, and A. Chapman, “Enhancing TCP performance with a load-adaptive red mechanism,” International Journal of Network Management, vol. 11, no. 1, 2010.
K. Zhou, K. L. Yeung, and V. O. K. Li, “Nonlinear red: A simple yet efficient active queue management scheme,” Computer Networks, vol. 50, no. 18, pp. 3784–3794, 2006.
S. Floyd, “Adaptive RED: An algorithm for increasing the robustness of RED’s active queue management,” Technical Report, 2001.
T. J. Ott, T. V. Lakshman, and L. H. Wong, “SRED: Stabilized RED,” Proc. of Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.1999.752153
D. Lin and R. Morris, “Dynamics of random early detection,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 127–137, 1997.
J. Aweya, M. Ouellette, and D. Y. Montuno, An optimization-oriented view of random early detection, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 2001.
S. Floyd and K. Fall, “Promoting the use of end-to-end congestion control in the internet,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 458–472, 1999.
J. Crowcroft, B. Davie, S. Deering, C. Systems, D. Estrin, S. Floyd, V. Jacobson, G. Minshall, C. Partridge, and L. Peterson, “Recommendation on queue management and congestion avoidance in the internet,” RFC 2309, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC2309
I. Yeom and J. Kim, “Reducing queue oscillation at a congested link,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 19, pp. 394–407, 2008.
M. Christiansen, K. Jeffay, D. Ott, and F. D. Smith, “Tuning RED for web traffic,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 249–264, 2001.
K. Nichols and V. Jacobson, “Controlling queue delay,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 42–50, 2012.
R. Pan, P. Natarajan, C. Piglione, M. S. Prabhu, V. Subramanian, F. Baker, and B. Versteeg, “PIE: A lightweight control scheme to address the bufferbloat problem,” Proc. of IEEE 14th International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HPSR.2013.6602305
V. Misra, “Fluid-based analysis of a network of AQM routers supporting TCP flows with an application to RED,” Acm Sigcomm Stockholm Sweden, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 151–160, 2000.
Y. Hong, O. Yang, and C. Huang, “Self-tuning PI TCP flow controller for AQM routers with interval gain and phase margin assignment,” Proc. of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/GLO-COM.2004.1378201
J. Sun, G. Chen, K. T. Ko, S. Chan, and M. Zukerman, “PD-controller: A new active queue management scheme,” Proc. of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2003.1258806
S. K. Bisoy and P. K. Pattnaik, “Design of feedback controller for TCP/AQM networks,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 20, no. 1, 2016.
T. Zhang, M. Xia, and Y. Yi, “Adaptive neural dynamic surface control of strictfeedback nonlinear systems with full state constraints and unmodeled dynamics,” Automatica, vol. 81, pp. 232–239, 2017.
S. Mohammadi, H. M. Pour, M. Jafari, and A. Javadi, “Fuzzy-based PID active queue manager for TCP/IP networks,” Proc. of International Conference on Information Sciences Signal Processing and Their Applications, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSPA.2010.5605462
N. Bigdeli and M. Haeri, “Predictive functional control for active queue management in congested TCP/IP networks,” ISA Transactions, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 107–121, 2009.
P. Wang, H. Chen, X. Yang, and Y. Ma, “Design and analysis of a model predictive controller for active queue management,” ISA Transactions, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 120–131, 2012.
C. Han, M. Li, Y. Jing, L. Lei, Z. Pang, and D. Sun, “Nonlinear model predictive congestion control for networks,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 552–557, 2017.
S. S. Kunniyur, R. Srikant, and S. Member, “An adaptive virtual queue algorithm for active,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 286–299, 2004.
X. Deng, S. Yi, G. Kesidis, C. R. Das, X. Deng, G. Kesidis, and C. R. Das, “Stabilized virtual buffer (SVB) — an active queue management scheme for internet quality-of-service,” Proc. of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2002.1188473
S. Athuraliya, V. H. Li, S. H. Low, and Q. Yin, “REM: Active queue management,” IEEE Network, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 48–53, 2001.
N. Wang, J. C. Sun, M. Han, Z. Zheng, and M. J. Er, “Adaptive approximation based regulation control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems without feedback linearizability,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 3747–3760, 2017.
F. Mazenc and P. A. Bliman, “Backstepping design for time-delay nonlinear systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 149–154, 2006.
C. Hua, F. Gang, and X. Guan, “Robust controller design of a class of nonlinear time delay systems via backstepping method,” Automatica, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 567–573, 2008.
Y. Wang and H. Wu, “Adaptive robust backstepping control for a class of uncertain dynamical systems using neural networks,” Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 1597–1610, 2015.
J. Yu, S. Peng, and Z. Lin, “Finite-time command filtered backstepping control for a class of nonlinear systems,” Automatica, vol. 92, pp. 173–180, 2018.
G. Wen, S. S. Ge, and F. Tu, “Optimized backstepping for tracking control of strict-feedback systems,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 3850–3862, 2018.
Y. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Jing, and S. Zhou, “Adaptive backstepping h tracking control with prescribed performance for internet congestion,” ISA Transactions, vol. 72, pp. 92–99, 2017.
Z.-H. Li, Y. Liu, and Y. Jing, “Active queue management algorithm for TCP networks with integral backstepping and minimax,” International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, vol. 17, pp. 1059–1066, 2019.
M. N. Lin, T. Ren, H. W. Yuan, and M. Li, “The congestion control for TCP network based on input/output saturation,” Proc. of Control and Decision Conference, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2017.7978695
Z. Li, Y. Liu, and Y. Jing, “Design of adaptive backstepping congestion controller for TCP networks with UDP flows based on minimax,” ISA Transactions, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2019.05.005
Y. Jing, Z. Li, and G. Dimirovski, “Minimax based congestion control for TCP network systems with UDP flows,” Proc. of MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 210, p. 03005, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821003005
K. Wang, Y. Jing, S. Zhang, and G. M. Dimirovski, “Hamiltonian theory applied to ameliorate the complexity of TCP network congestion control,” Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 2579–2584, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2017.8123013
X. H. Yang and Z. Q. Wang, “NOFC-VRTT: Nonlinear AQM algorithm based on variable RTT,” Control and Decision, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 69–42, 2010.
X. Zheng, N. Zhang, G. Dimirovski, and Y. Jing, “Adaptive sliding mode congestion control for diffserv network,” IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 12983–12987, 2008.
X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Jing, Z. Zhang, and X. Chen, “Congestion tracking control for uncertain TCP/AQM network based on integral backstepping,” ISA Transactions, vol. 89, pp. 131–138, 2019.
V. Shah-Mansouri and E. Abolfazli, “Dynamic adjustment of queue levels in TCP vegas-based networks,” Electronics Letters, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 361–363, 2016.
K. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Jing, and S. Zhang, “Adaptive fuzzy funnel congestion control for TCP/AQM network,” ISA Transactions, vol. 95, pp. 11–17, 2019.
C. Bormann, A. P. Castellani, and Z. Shelby, “CoAP: An application protocol for billions of tiny internet nodes,” IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 62–67, 2012.
A. Betzler, C. Gomez, I. Demirkol, and J. Paradells, “CoAP congestion control for the internet of things,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 154–160, 2016.
G. A. Akpakwu, G. P. Hancke, and A. M. Abu-Mahfouz, “CACC: Context-aware congestion control approach for lightweight CoAP/UDP-based internet of things traffic,” Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, vol. 31, no. 2, February 2020.
T. Toprasert and W. Lilakiataskun, “TCP congestion control with MDP algorithm for IoT over heterogeneous network,” Proc. of International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCIT.2017.8261189
S. Gheisari and E. Tahavori, “CCCLA: A cognitive approach for congestion control in internet of things using a game of learning automata,” Computer Communications, vol. 147, pp. 40–49, 2019.
L. Chen and J. Cao, “Adaptive congestion control of internet of things based on improved red algorithm,” Proc. of 2018 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CAC.2018.8623124
M. Quwaider and Y. Shatnawi, “Neural network model as internet of things congestion control using PID controller and immune-hill-climbing algorithm,” Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, vol. 101, p. 102022, 2020.
J. Kua, S. H. Nguyen, G. Armitage, and P. Branch, “Using active queue management to assist IoT application flows in home broadband networks,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1399–1407, 2017.
F. Zheng and J. Nelson, “An approach to congestion control design for AQM routers supporting TCP flows in wireless access networks,” Computer Networks, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1684–1704, 2007.
L. Zeng, P. Ring, K. Macrae, and A. Hinsch, Applied Nonlinear Control, Prentice Hall, 1991.
Funding
This project was supported by Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province (TSQN201812092,TSQN201812093, 2015162) and Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province (2019JZZY010120).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Lujuan Ma received her B.S. degree in communication engineering from Shandong Normal University in 2008, and her Ph.D. degree in communication and information system from Wuhan University in 2013. She is currently with the Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Buildings Technology, the School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University. Her research interests include congestion control and wireless communication network.
Xiaoping Liu received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from Northeastern University, China, in 1984, 1987, and 1989, respectively. He spent more than 10 years in the School of Information Science and Engineering at Northeastern University, China. In 2001, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at Lakehead University, Canada. Since 2017, he has been a visiting professor in Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China. His research interests are nonlinear control systems, singular systems, and adaptive control. He is a member of the Professional Engineers of Ontario.
Huanqing Wang received his B.Sc. degree in mathematics from Bohai University, Jinzhou, China, in 2003, an M.Sc. degree in mathematics from Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, China, in 2006, and a Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Complexity Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, in 2013. He was a Post-Doctoral Fellow with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada, in 2014, and was a Post-Doctoral Fellow with the Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON Canada. He has authored or co-authored over 50 papers in top international journals. His current research interests include adaptive backstepping control, fuzzy control, neural networks control, and stochastic nonlinear systems. He serves as an Associate Editor for several journals, including Neural Computing and Applications, International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, and IEEE Access.
Yucheng Zhou received his B.S. degree in mathematics from Harbin Normal University, Haerbin, China in 1982, an M.S. degree in Computer science and technology from Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China in 1988. and a Ph.D. degree in automation from Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. In 1998, he joined research institute of wood industry in Chinese Academy of forestry. Since 2015, he has been a Taishan scholar in Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China, His research interest is control of complex system.
Xiaoping Deng received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, in 2008 and 2013, respectively. He is currently with the Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Buildings Technology, School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University. His research interests include communication signal processing and IoT time series analysis.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, L., Liu, X., Wang, H. et al. Congestion Control for Internet of Things Based on Priority. Int. J. Control Autom. Syst. 20, 1154–1165 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-021-0076-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-021-0076-2