Abstract
Many emerging factors and circumstances urge the need to develop and optimize the detection and quantification techniques of mycotoxins in solid food and feed. The diversity of mycotoxins, which have different properties and affinities, makes the standardization of the analytical procedures and the adoption of a single protocol that covers the attributes of all mycotoxins a tedious or even an impossible mission. Several modifications and improvements have been undergone in order to optimize the performance of these methods including the extraction solvents, the extraction methods, the clean-up procedures, and the analytical techniques. The techniques range from the rapid screening methods, which lack sensitivity and specificity such as TLC, to a spectrum of more advanced protocols, namely, ELISA, HPLC, and GC–MS and LC–MS/MS. This review aims at assessing the current studies related to these analytical techniques of mycotoxins in solid food and feed. It discusses and evaluates, through a critical approach, various sample treatment techniques, and provides an in-depth examination of different mycotoxin detection methods. Furthermore, it includes a comparison of their actual accuracy and a thorough analysis of the observed benefits and drawbacks.
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Abbreviations
- 15-AcDON:
-
15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol
- 3-AcDON:
-
3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol
- AA:
-
Acetic acid
- ACN:
-
Acetonitrile
- AFB1:
-
Aflatoxin B1
- AFB2:
-
Aflatoxin B2
- AFG1:
-
Aflatoxin G1
- AFG2:
-
Aflatoxin G2
- AFs:
-
Aflatoxins
- ATX:
-
Altertoxin
- BEA:
-
Beauvercin
- BSA:
-
N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) acetamide
- DAS:
-
Diacetoxyscirpenol
- DON:
-
Deoxynivalenol
- dSPE:
-
Dispersive solid phase extraction
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ESI:
-
Electrospray ionization
- ESI − :
-
Negative electrospray ionization
- ESI + :
-
Positive electrospray ionization
- FA:
-
Formic acid
- FBs:
-
Fumonisins
- FUS:
-
Fusaproliferin
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- GC-MS:
-
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
- GC–MS/MS:
-
Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- HPLC-ELSD:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector
- HPLC-FLD:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography–fluorimetric detector
- HPLC-UV:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detector
- HT-2:
-
HT-2 toxin
- IAC:
-
Immuno-affinity columns
- LC–MS/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- MeOH:
-
Methanol
- MPL:
-
Maximum permissible limits
- MRM:
-
Multiple reaction monitoring
- MTX:
-
Mycotoxin
- NA:
-
Not available
- NIV:
-
Nivalenol
- OTA:
-
Ochratoxin A
- OTB:
-
Ochratoxin B
- OTC:
-
Ochratoxin C
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
- PCD:
-
Post-column derivatization
- PDA:
-
Photodiode array detector
- QqQ:
-
Triple quadrupole system
- QuEChERS:
-
Quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe method
- RSDr:
-
Relative standard deviation for repeatability
- RT:
-
Room temperature
- SIDA:
-
Stable isotope dilution analysis
- SLE:
-
Supported liquid extraction
- sMRM:
-
Scheduled multiple reaction monitoring
- SPE:
-
Solid phase extraction
- SRM:
-
Single reaction monitoring
- T-2:
-
T-2 toxin
- TLC:
-
Thin layer chromatography
- TMCS:
-
Trimethylchlorosilane
- TMSI:
-
N-trimethylsilylimidazole
- UPLC-FLD:
-
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography linked with fluorescence detection
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- WAHSPE:
-
Water acetonitrile heptane solid phase extraction
- ZEN:
-
Zearalenone
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Idea of the article: André El Khoury and Jean Claude Assaf. Literature search, data analysis, and writing: Alaa Abou Dib Drafting and critical revision: Jean Claude Assaf, Espérance Debs, Sami El Khatib, Nicolas Louka, and André El Khoury.
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Dib, A.A., Assaf, J.C., Debs, E. et al. A comparative review on methods of detection and quantification of mycotoxins in solid food and feed: a focus on cereals and nuts. Mycotoxin Res 39, 319–345 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00501-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00501-6