Abstract
Samples from large (100–200 tons) batches of palm kernel cake (PKC, n = 20) and copra meal (CM, n = 13) were collected at production facilities of four Indonesian feed mill manufacturers and analysed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by ELISA. Recoveries using spiked samples ranged from 86 to 113 %, with relative standard deviations of <9 % (PKC) and <6 % (CM). All batches were positive for AFB1: in PKC, at levels of 5.8–93.1 μg/kg (mean 49 μg/kg), and in CM, at levels of 1.1–147 μg/kg (mean 38.1 μg/kg). AFB1 levels were, in most batches, below the maximum level (100 μg/kg) recommended by the National Standardisation Agency, Republic of Indonesia. However, about half of the batches exceeded both the European Union and USA regulations for AFB1 in animal feed. In conclusion, serious efforts are necessary to control production, storage and shipment of palm kernel cake and copra meal for feed purposes, and clearly not only for products intended for export but also to reduce AFB1 levels in domestic Indonesian feed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anonymous (2004) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to Aflatoxin B1 as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA J 39:1–27
Benerjee GC (1993) Animal Husbandry. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi
Brittain HG (2002) Particle-size distribution II: the problem of sampling powdered solids. Pharmaceut Tech 7:67–73
Coker RD, Nagler MJ, Defize PR, Derksen GB, Buchholz H, Putzka HA, Hoogland HP, Roos AH, Boenke A (2000) Sampling plans for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in large shipments of animal feedstuffs. J AOAC Int 83:1252–1258
Concon JM (1988) Contaminants and additives. Food toxicology, part B. Marcel Dekker, New York
European Union (2003) Directive 2003/100/EC of 31 October 2003 amending Annex 1 to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed. Off J Eur Comm L285:33–37
European Commission (2009) Commission Regulation (EC) No. 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for official control of feed. Off J Eur Comm L52:1–30
IARC (2012) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. Vol 100F. Available at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F-23.pdf
Johansson AS, Whitaker TB, Giesbrecht FG, Hagler WM, Young JH (2000) Testing shelled corn for afatoxin, Part III: evaluating the performance of afatoxin sampling plans. J AOAC Int 83:1279–1284
Khayoon WS, Saad B, Yan CB, Hashim NH, Ali ASM, Salleh MI, Salleh B (2010) Determination of aflatoxins in animal feeds by HPLC with multifunctional column clean-up. Food Chem 118:882–886
Kolapo AL, Oladimeji GR, Ifejika AI, Osakwe OE, Eyitayo IR, Oyelakin AO (2012) Aflatoxin, nutritive values and microbiological status of stored cakes of some selected Nigerian oil seeds. Glob J Sci Front Res Agric Biol 12(5):13–22
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK (1993) Mycotoxins: third report. The 36th report of the steering group on chemical aspects of food surveillance. HMSO, London, pp 24–34
Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia (2010) Outlook of agriculture commodities (Indonesian). Agriculture information and data center. Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia
National Standardisation Agency (2009) National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) 3148.1:2009
Park DL, Whitaker TB, Giesbrecht FG, Njapau H (2000) Performance of three pneumatic probe samplers and four analytical methods used to estimate afatoxins in bulk cottonseed. J AOAC Int 83:1247–1251
Pasteiner S (1994) Mycotoxins in animal husbandry, Biomin Ing. Erich Erbert, Austria
Pittet A (1988) Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feeds—an updated review. Rev Med Vet 149(6):479–492
Reiter EV, Dutton MF, Agus A, Nordkvist E, Mwanza MF, Hjobeh PB, Pranowo D, Haeggblom P, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Zentek J, Anderson MG (2011) Uncertainty from sampling in measurements of aflatoxins in animal feedingstuffs: application of the Eurachem/CITAC guidelines. Analyst 136(19):4059–4069
Rodrigues I (2008) Mycotoxin survey program 2007. BIOMIN, Singapore
Samarajeewa, Arseculerante (1983) A survey of aflatoxin contamination of coconut products in Sri Langka: incidence, origins and recommendations. J Natl Sci Coun Sri Lanka 11(2):225–235
Scudamore KA, Hetmanski MT, Chan HK, Collins S (1997) Occurrence of mycotoxins in raw ingredients used for animal feeding stuffs in the United Kingdom in 1992. Food Addit Contam 14(2):157–173
Shephard GS (2005) Aflatoxin and food safety: recent African perspectives. In: Abbas HK (ed) Aflatoxin and food safety. Taylor and Francis, New York, pp 13–28
Spanjer (2005) Sampling and sample preparation: an underestimated issue. Enfield, Plymouth
Sweeney MJ, Dobson ADW (1998) Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. Int J Food Microbiol 43:141–158
US Food and Drug Administration (2000) Guidance for industry: action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances in human food and animal feed. USFDA, Washington, DC
van Egmond HP, Paulch VH (1986) Mycotoxins in milk and milk products. Neth Milk Dairy J 40:175–188
Varga J, Frisvad JC, Samson RA (2011) Two new aflatoxin producing species, and an overview of Aspergillus section Flavi. Stud Mycol 69:57–80
Velasco J, Whikater TB, Whitten M (1975) Sampling cottonseed lots for aflatoxin contamination. J Am Oil Chem Soc 52:191–195
Whitaker TB (2004) In: Magan M, Olsen M (eds) Mycotoxins in food. Detection and control. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 69–87
Wu F (2006) Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts. ISB news report, September 2006
Aknowledgments
The authors acknowlege financial assistance by the European Union-funded Integrated Project Biotracer (contract 036272) under the 6th RTD Framework, and by the Indonesian Ministry of National Education for the support of the research under the Institution-Collaboration Research Grant (Contract No LPPM-UGM/669/bid.1/2012).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pranowo, D., Nuryono, Agus, A. et al. A limited survey of aflatoxin B1 contamination in Indonesian palm kernel cake and copra meal sampled from batches. Mycotoxin Res 29, 135–139 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-013-0168-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-013-0168-9