Abstract
Nine recently described Aspergillus species and four known species in section Versicolores were tested for their ability to produce sterigmatocystin on two liquid media, Czapek w/20 % Sucrose Broth and Yeast Extract Broth grown in the dark for 1 week at 25 °C. Detection and quantification of ST were performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Limit of detection was 3 ng/mL and limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. Nine newly described Aspergillus species from various substrates, A. amoenus, A. creber, A. cvjetkovicii, A. fructus, A. jensenii, A. puulaauensis, A. subversicolor, A. tennesseensis and A. venenatus in section Versicolores were found to produce sterigmatocystin. Production was confirmed in recently collected isolates of A. protuberus and A. versicolor. A. austroafricanus and A. tabacinus did not produce sterigmatocystin.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramson D, Sinha RN, Mils JT (1983) Mycotoxin and odor formation in barley stored at 16 and 20 % moisture in Manitoba. Cereal Chem 60:350–355
Andersen B, Smedsgaard J, Frisvad JC (2004) Penicillium expansum: consistent production of patulin, chaetoglobosins, and other secondary metabolites in culture and their natural occurrence in fruit products. J Agric Food Chem 52:2421–2428
Andersen B, Frisvad JC, Sondergaard I, Rasmussen IB, Larsen LS (2011) Associations between fungal species and water-damaged building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:4180–4188
Baddley JW, Marr KA, Andes DR, Walsh TJ, Kauffman CA, Kontoyiannis D, Ito JI, Balajee SA, Pappas PG, Moser SA (2009) Patterns of susceptibility of Aspergillus isolates recovered from patients enrolled in the transplant-associated infection surveillance network. J Clin Microbiol 47:3271–3275
Berry CL (1988) The pathology of mycotoxins. J Pathol 154:301–311
Bloom E, Bal K, Nyman E, Must A, Larsson L (2007) Mass spectrometry-based strategy for direct detection and quantification of some mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys and Aspergillus spp. in indoor environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4211–4217
Brodhagen M, Keller NP (2006) Signalling pathways connecting mycotoxin production and sporulation. Mol Plant Pathol 7:285–301
Engelhart S, Loock A, Skutlarek D, Sagunski H, Lommel A, Farber H, Exner M (2002) Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:3886–3890
Frisvad JC, Samson RA (2004) Emericella venezuelensis, a new species with stellate ascospores producing sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1. Syst Appl Microbiol 27:672–680
Frisvad JC, Samson RA, Smedsgaard J (2004) Emericella astellata, a new producer of aflatoxin B1, B2 and sterigmatocystin. Lett Appl Microbiol 38:440–445
Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA (2005) Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 28:442–453
Gopalakrishnan S, Liu X, Patel DJ (1992) Solution structure of the covalent sterigmatocystin-DNA adduct. Biochemistry 31:10790–801
Jurjevic Z, Peterson SW, Horn BW (2012) Aspergillus section Versicolores: nine new species and multilocus DNA sequence based phylogeny. IMA Fungus 3:61–81
Jussila J, Kosma VM, Komulainen H, Nevalainen A, Pelkonen J, Hirvonen MR (2002) Spores of Aspergillus versicolor isolated from indoor air of a moisture-damaged building provoke acute inflammation in mouse lungs. Inhal Toxicol 14:1261–1277
Ma F, Misumi J, Zhao W, Aoki K, Kudo M (2003) Long-term treatment with sterigmatocystin, a fungus toxin, enhances the development of intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosa in Helicobacter pylori-infected mongolian gerbils. Scand J Gastroenterol 38:360–369
Muntanjola-Cvetković M (1968) Aspergillus protuberus n.sp. from Yugoslavia and its responses to light. Mikrobiologija 5:117–126
Murtoniemi T, Nevalainen A, Suutari M, Toivola M, Komulainen H, Hirvonen MR (2001) Induction of cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 macrophages by spores grown on six different plasterboards. Inhal Toxicol 13:233–247
Nielsen KF, Gravesen S, Nielsen PA, Andersen B, Thrane U, Frisvad JC (1999) Production of mycotoxins on artificially and naturally infested building materials. Mycopathologia 145:43–56
Perri P, Campa C, Incorvaia C, Parmeggiani F, Lamberti G, Costagliola C, Sebastian A (2005) Endogenous Aspergillus versicolor endophthalmitis in an immuno-competent HIV-positive patient. Mycopathologia 160:259–61
Perrone G, Mulè G, Susca A, Battilani P, Pietri A, Logrieco A (2006) Ochratoxin A production and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus tubingensis, and Aspergillus niger Strains Isolated from Grapes in Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:680–685
Pitt JI, Hocking AD (2009) Fungi and food spoilage, 3rd edn. Springer, Dordrecht
Rabie CJ, Lubben A, Steyn M (1976) Production of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor and Bipolaris sorokiniana on semisynthetic liquid and solid media. Appl Environ Microbiol 33:206–208
Rank C, Nielsen KF, Larsen TO, Varga J, Samson RA, Frisvad JC (2011) Distribution of sterigmatocystin in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol 115:406–420
Samson RA, Houbraken J, Summerbell RC, Flannigan B, Miller JD (2001) Common and important species of fungi and actinomycetes in indoor environments. In: Flannigan B, Samson RA, Miller JD (eds) Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments. Taylor and Francis, New York, pp 287–292
Sugimoto T, Minamisawa M, Takano K, Furukawa Y, Tsuruta O (1976) Natural occurrence of ochratoxin and sterygmatocystin in moldy rice. Proc Jpn Assoc Mycotoxicol 3:4–3
Sumi Y, Hamasaki T, Miyagawa H (1987) Tumors and other lesion induced in germ-free rats exposed to Aspergillus versicolor. Jpn J Canc Res 78:480–486
Sumi Y, Nagura H, Takeuchi M (1994) Granulomatous lesions in the lung induced by inhalation of mold spores. Virchows Arch 424:661–668
Terao K (1983) Sterigmatocystin—A masked potent carcinogenic mycotoxin. J Toxicol Toxin Rev 2:77–110
Tuomi T, Refijula K, Johnsson T, Hemminki K, Hintikka EL, Lindroos O, Kalso S, Koukila-Kahkola P, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Haahtela T (2000) Mycotoxins in crude building materials from water-damaged buildings. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1899–1904
Veršilovskis A, Saeger SD (2010) Sterigmatocystin: occurrence in foodstuffs and analytical methods–an overview. Mol Nutr Food Res 54:136–147
Vesonder RF, Horn BW (1985) Sterigmatocystin in dairy cattle feed contaminated with Aspergillus versicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:234–235
Wilson DM, Abramson D (1992) Mycotoxins. In: Sauer DB (ed) Storage of cereal grains and their products: 4th ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, pp 341–391
Yu JH, Leonard TS (1995) Sterigmatocystin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans Requiresa Novel Type I Polyketide Synthase. J Bacteriol 177:4792–4800
Zhang S, Corapi W, Quist E, Griffin S, Zhang M (2012) Aspergillus versicolor, a new causative agent of canine disseminated Aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 50:187–191
Acknowledgments
This research has been supported by EMSL Analytical, Inc., USA. The authors thank Patrick Sasso for valuable technical support. Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the United States Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Conflict of interest
None
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jurjević, Ž., Peterson, S.W., Solfrizzo, M. et al. Sterigmatocystin production by nine newly described Aspergillus species in section Versicolores grown on two different media. Mycotoxin Res 29, 141–145 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-013-0160-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-013-0160-4