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The Maragheh hipparions, late Miocene of Azarbaijan, Iran

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Abstract

Morphological analyses of hipparionine astragali, calcaneum, third phalanx and metapodials from the late Miocene locality of Maragheh, Iran, was carried out using bivariate plots and log10 ratio diagrams. The results, together with previous studies on cranial and dental material, have allowed us to characterise and define the following equid species in the Maragheh assemblage: Hipparion gettyi, aff. Hippotherium brachypus, Cremohipparion aff. moldavicum, Cremohipparion matthewi and Hipparion campbelli. These species are arrayed in three successive biostratigraphic intervals: H. gettyi, late Vallesian Lower Maragheh horizon; aff. H. brachypus and Cr. aff. moldavicum, early Turolian Middle Maragheh levels; and H. campbelli, late early Turolian Upper Maragheh interval. The small hipparion, Cr. matthewi, would appear to range throughout all biostratigraphic intervals of Maragheh. The proposed taxonomic and biostratigraphic resolution here is slightly different from previous studies especially in the recognition of aff. H. brachypus instead of Hipparion prostylum. The Maragheh hipparion assemblages are well correlated to those from Turkey, Greece, the Balkans and Black Sea region and are clearly different from those of Central and Western Europe, central Asia, China and Africa. Maragheh Cremohipparion is related to species of Cremohipparion from Greece, China and the Siwaliks. A clear niche differentiation based on palaeodiet studies has been revealed in Maragheh hipparions, indicative of different environmental adaptations amongst these species.

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Acknowledgements

MMA’s visits to MNHN, Paris, and Howard University were partially supported by a grant from the NSF RHOI (Revealing Hominid Origin Initiative; BCS-0321893) project funded to Professors F. Clark Howell and Tim White. Bernor and Wolf also wish to acknowledge the support from RHOI and NSF grants EAR1113175, EAR1138908 and EAR1333230 for this research undertaking. We thank Pascal Tassy and Christine Argot and the MNHM staff for their help during our visits to Paris. Bernor thanks Fred Roegl and Fritz Steininger for their assistance studying the Maragheh material in Vienna. MMA also thank Mahito Watabe (former Hayashibara Museum, Okayama), Hideo Nakaya (Kagoshima University), Ursula Göhlich (NHMW), Gertrud Rössner (BSPG) and Wilma Wessels (IvAU) for facilitating his visits. We thank two anonymous reviewers who improved our work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA

    Raymond L. Bernor & Keiko Meshida

  2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

    Majid Mirzaie Ataabadi

  3. Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Dominik Wolf

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  2. Majid Mirzaie Ataabadi
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  3. Keiko Meshida
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  4. Dominik Wolf
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raymond L. Bernor.

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This article is a contribution to the special issue “The late Miocene Maragheh mammal fauna; results of recent multidisciplinary research”

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Bernor, R.L., Mirzaie Ataabadi, M., Meshida, K. et al. The Maragheh hipparions, late Miocene of Azarbaijan, Iran. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 96, 453–488 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-016-0235-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-016-0235-2

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