Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Deciduous cheek teeth of the late Miocene (MN11) Dorn-Dürkheim 1 hipparionine horses

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The study of hipparion deciduous cheek teeth from the Dorn-Dürkheim 1 locality reveals a morphology of these specimens that differs from adult material in featuring less developed occlusal enamel features. Dorn-Dürkheim 1 deciduous cheek teeth are comparable in size to specimens from the early late Miocene (MN9, early Vallesian) Höwenegg and Eppelsheim localities. Size differences are too small to justify the recognition of more than one species of hipparion at Dorn-Dürkheim 1 based on deciduous material alone. Comparison with deciduous teeth from North American Cormohipparion and hipparionines from various Old World localities shows commonalities among all studied deciduous cheek teeth, such as frequently open pre- and postflexids in mandibular specimens. Size differences between maxillary dP3s and dP4s are negligible, while mandibular dp3s are often wider than dp4s. Ectostylids are common in mandibular deciduous cheek teeth of North American hipparions and, in the Old World, among the members of the “Sivalhippus” Complex, for example. However, they become less frequent in more advanced members of the Hippotherium lineage, as is already apparent in the hipparionines from Dorn-Dürkheim 1. This variation underlines the significance of deciduous cheek teeth for future phylogenetic studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Figs. 6-11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Armour-Chelu MJ, Bernor RL, Mittmann H-W (2006) Hooijer’s hypodigm for “Hipparion” cf. ethiopicum (Equidae, Hipparioninae) from Olduvai, Tanzania and comparative material from the East African Plio-Pleistocene. In: Van den Hoek Ostende LW, Nagel D, Harzhauser M (eds) Festschrift für Univ.-Doz. Dr. Gudrun Daxner-Höck, gewidmet aus Anlass ihres 65. Geburtstages. Beitr Paläontol 30:15–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL (1985) Systematic and evolutionary relationships for the hipparionine horses from Maragheh, Iran (late Miocene, Turolian age). Palaeovertebrata 15:173–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL (2007) The latest Miocene hipparionine (Equidae) from Lemudong’o, Kenya. Kirtlandia 56:148–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Armour-Chelu MJ (1999) Toward an evolutionary history of African hipparionine horses. In: Bromage TG, Schrenk F (eds) African biogeography, climate change, and human evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 189–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Franzen J (1997) The equids (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Late Miocene (Early Turolian) of Dorn Dürkheim (Germany, Rheinhessen). Cour Forsch-Inst Senckenberg 197:117–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Haile-Selassie Y (2009) Chapter 13: Equidae. In: Haile-Selassie Y, WoldeGabriel G (eds) Ardipithecus kadabba: Late Miocene evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 397–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Harris JM (2003) Systematics and evolutionary biology of the Late Miocene and early Pliocene hipparionine horses from Lothagam, Kenya. In: Harris JM, Leakey M (eds) Lothagam: The dawn of humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 387–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Hussain ST (1985) An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses. J Vertebr Paleontol 5:32–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Kaiser TM (2006) Systematics and paleoecology of the earliest Pliocene Equid, Eurygnathohippus hooijeri n. sp. from Langebaanweg, South Africa. Mitt Hamb Zool Mus Inst 103:149–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Scott RS (2003) New interpretations of the systematics, biogeography and paleoecology of the Sahabi hipparions (latest Miocene) (Libya). Geodiversitas 25:297–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, White TD (2010) Systematics and biogeography of "Cormohipparion" africanum, early Vallesian (MN9, ca. 10.5 MA) of Bou Hanifia, Algeria. Mus North Arizona Bull 65:635–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Woodburne MO, Van Couvering JA (1980) A contribution to the chronology of some Old World Miocene faunas based on hipparionine horses. Geobios 13:705–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Kovar J, Lipscomb D, Rögl F, Tobien H (1988) Systematic, stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental contexts of first appearing Hipparion in the Vienna Basin, Austria. J Vertebr Paleontol 8:427–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Tobien H, Woodburne MO (1989) Patterns of Old World hipparionine evolutionary diversification and biogeographic extension. In: Bernor RL, Fahlbusch V, Mittmann H-W (eds) The evolution of western Eurasian Neogene mammal faunas. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 263–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Koufos GD, Woodburne MO, Fortelius M (1996) The evolutionary history and biochronology of European and Southwest Asian Late Miocene and Pliocene hipparionine horses. In: Bernor RL, Fahlbusch V, Mittmann H-W (eds) The evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene mammal faunas. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 307–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Tobien H, Hayek L-AC, Mittmann H-W (1997) Hippotherium primigenium (Equidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Höwenegg (Hegau, Germany). Andrias 10:1–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Armour-Chelu M, Kaiser TM, Scott RS (2003a) An evaluation of the Late MN 9 (Late Miocene, Vallesian Age), hipparion assemblage from Rudabánya (Hungary): systematic background, functional anatomy and paleoecology. Coloq Paleontol 1:35–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Scott RS, Fortelius M, Kappelman J, Sen S (2003b) Systematics and evolution of the Late Miocene Hipparions from Sinap, Turkey. In: Fortelius M, Kappelman J, Sen S, Bernor RL (eds) The geology and paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation. Turkey. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 220–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Scott RS, Haile-Selassie Y (2005) A contribution to the evolutionary history of Ethiopian hipparionine horses: morphometric evidence from the postcranial skeleton. Geodiversitas 27:133–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Kaiser TM, Wolf D (2008) Revisiting As Sahabi equid species diversity, biogeographic patterns, and diet preferences. Garyounis Sci Bull Spec Issue 5:159–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Armour-Chelu M, Gilbert H, Kaiser TM, Schulz E (2010) Equidae. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WL (eds) Cenozoic mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 685–721

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bernor RL, Kaiser TM, Nelson SV, Rook L (2011) Systematics and paleobiology of Hippotherium malpassii n. sp. from the latest Miocene of Baccinello V3 (Tuscany, Italy). Boll Soc Paleontol Ital 50:175–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenmann V, Sondaar P (1998) Pliocene vertebrate locality of Çalta, Ankara, Turkey. 7. Hipparion. Geodiversitas 20:409–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenmann V, Alberdi M-T, de Giuli C, Staesche U (1988) Studying fossil horses, volume 1: Methodology. In: Woodburne MO, Sondaar PY (eds) Collected papers after the "New York International Hipparion Conference, 1981". Brill, Leiden, pp 1–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulbert RC (1987) A new Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Pliocene (latest Hemphillian and Blancan) of Florida. J Vertebr Paleontol 7:451–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hulbert RC (1988) Cormohipparion and Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the late Neogene of Florida. Bull Fla State Mus Biol Sci 33:229–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulbert RC, MacFadden BJ (1991) Morphological transformation and cladogenesis at the base of the adaptive radiation of Miocene hypsodont horses. Am Mus Novit 3000:1–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser TM (2003) The dietary regimes of two contemporaneous populations of Hippotherium primigenium (Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Vallesian (upper Miocene) of Southern Germany. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 198:381–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser TM, Bernor RL (2006) The Baltavar Hippotherium: A mixed feeding Upper Miocene hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Hungary (East-Central Europe). In: Van den Hoek Ostende LW, Nagel D, Harzhauser M (eds) Festschrift für Univ.-Doz. Dr. Gudrun Daxner-Höck, gewidmet aus Anlass ihres 65. Geburtstages. Beitr Paläontol 30:241–267

  • Kaiser TM, Bernor RL, Scott RS, Franzen JL, Solounias N (2003) New interpretations of the systematics and palaeoecology of the Dorn-Dürkheim 1 Hipparions (Late Miocene, Turolian Age [MN 11]) Rheinhessen, Germany. Senck leth 83:103–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser TM, Bernor RL, Franzen JL, Scott RS, Solounias N (2004) Hippotherium kammerschmittae n. sp. instead of Hippotherium kammerschmitti Kaiser, Bernor, Franzen, Scott, & Solounias 2003. Senck leth 84:383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacFadden BJ (1980) The Miocene horse Hipparion from North America and from the type locality in Southern France. Palaeontology 23:617–635

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFadden BJ (1984) Systematics and phylogeny of Hipparion, Neohipparion, Nannippus, and Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Miocene and Pliocene of the New World. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 179:1–196

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFadden BJ, Woodburne MO (1982) Systematics of the Neogene Siwalik hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) based on cranial and dental morphology. J Vertebr Paleontol 2:185–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melcher M, Wolf D, Bernor RL (2013) The Evolution and Paleodiet of the Eurygnathohippus feibeli lineage in Africa. Paläontologische Zeitschrift (in press)

  • Mirzaie Ataabadi M, Bernor RL, Kostopolus D, Wolf D, Orak Z, Zaree G, Nakaya H, Watabe M, Fortelius M (2013) Recent advances in the paleobiological research of the Late Miocene Maragheh Fauna, Northwest Iran. In: Wang X, Flynn LJ, Fortelius M (eds) Fossil mammals of Asia: Neogene biostratigraphy and chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 546–565

  • Qiu Z, Huang W, Guo Z (1988) The Chinese hipparionine fossils (in Chinese, with an English summary). Palaeontol Sin New Ser C 175:1–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott RS, Armour-Chelu, MJ, Bernor RL (2005a) Evidence for two Hipparion species at Rudabánya II. In: Bernor RL, Kordos L, Rook L (eds) Multidisciplinary research at Rudabánya. Palaeontogr Ital 90:211–214

  • Scott RS, Bernor RL, Raba W (2005b) Hipparionine horses of the Greater Pannonian Basin: Morphometric evidence from the postcranial skeleton. In: Bernor RL, Kordos L, Rook L (eds) Multidisciplinary research at Rudabánya. Palaeontogr Ital 90:195–210

  • Sondaar PY (1961) Les Hipparion d’Aragon meridional. Estudios Geológicos Vol. XVII (Instituto “Lucas Mallada”, C.S.I.C., Madrid) 17:209–305

  • Webb D, Hulbert RC (1986) Systematics and evolution of Pseudhipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Neogene of the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Great Plains. Contrib Geol Univ Wyo Spec Pap 3:237–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf D, Nelson SV, Schwartz HL, Semprebon GM, Kaiser TM, Bernor RL (2010) Taxonomy and paleoecology of the Pleistocene Equidae from Makuyuni, Northern Tanzania. Palaeodiversity 3:249–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf D, Bernor RL, Hussain ST (2013) A systematic, biostratigraphic, and paleobiogeographic reevaluation of the Siwalik Hipparionine Horse assemblage from the Potwar Plateau, Northern Pakistan. Palaeontographica Abt. A 300:1–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne MO (1989) Hipparion horses: A pattern of endemic evolution and intercontinental dispersal. In: Prothero DR, Schoch RM (eds) The evolution of Perissodactyls. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 197–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne MO (1996) Reappraisal of the Cormohipparion from the Valentine Formation, Nebraska. Am Mus Novit 3163:1–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne MO (2007) Phyletic diversification of the Cormohipparion occidentale Complex (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, and the origin of the Old World Hippotherium Datum. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 306:1–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne MO, Bernor RL (1980) On superspecific groups of some Old World hipparionine horses. J Paleontol 54:1319–1348

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne MO, MacFadden BJ, Skinner MF (1981) The North American “Hipparion Datum” and implications for the Neogene of the Old World. Geobios 14:493–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Jens Lorenz Franzen and the staff of the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, for the access to the Dorn-Dürkheim 1 deciduous hipparion teeth. Hans-Walter Mittmann and the staff of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany, provided us with the opportunity to study new hipparion material from the Höwenegg locality. Also, the kind support of the staff of various further research institutions whose material is referred to here and/or represented in R.L. Bernor’s equid data base and included in our bivariate analyses is thankfully acknowledged. We are also grateful to the other members of the Dorn-Dürkheim 1 research group, headed by Jens Lorenz Franzen, for their support and stimulating discussions. Two reviewers, Latinka Hristova, National Museum of Natural History, Sofia, Bulgaria, and Thomas Kaiser, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Germany, provided valuable suggestions for the improvement of our manuscript. This study is based upon work supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation (EAR-0125009; grant to R.L. Bernor and M.O. Woodburne with stipend support to D. Wolf) and the Revealing Hominid Origins Initiative (NSF grant BCS-0321893) to F.C. Howell and T.D. White.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, ROCEEH, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Dominik Wolf

  2. Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W St. NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA

    Raymond L. Bernor

Authors
  1. Dominik Wolf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raymond L. Bernor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dominik Wolf.

Additional information

This article is a contribution to the special issue “Dorn-Dürkheim 1, Germany: A highly diverse Turolian fauna from mid-latitude Europe”.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wolf, D., Bernor, R.L. Deciduous cheek teeth of the late Miocene (MN11) Dorn-Dürkheim 1 hipparionine horses. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 93, 191–206 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-013-0121-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-013-0121-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation