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Leonispirifer leonensis gen. et sp. nov., a rare new delthyridoid spiriferid brachiopod from northern Spain (Brachiopoda, Lower Devonian)

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Abstract

Leonispirifer, a new delthyridoid brachiopod genus characterized by capillate micro-ornamentation with marginal microspines, very few ribs, and a brachidium consisting of spirals that have a small diameter and are oriented in the posterior direction, is identified from the Emsian La Vid Group in its type section in the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. Its type species Leonispirifer leonensis is described and its phylogenetic origin from Filispirifer is discussed. For the first time, 3D reconstructions of Filispirifer and Leonispirifer are prepared that show the different spiralia orientations, lateral versus posterior, of these two genera. An attempt is made to reconstruct the life habits of Leonispirifer, paying special attention to its lophophore-based filter-feeding system. Leonispirifer was hitherto known from the Emsian La Pedrosa Formation of the La Vid Group in northern Spain, and probably from the Siegenian Assa Formation (“Rich 1”) in Morocco. According to Early Devonian paleobiogeography, both regions belonged to the northern shelf of Gondwana.

Kurzfassung

Leonispirifer, eine neue delthyridoide Brachiopodengattung mit kapillater Mikrostruktur, die an den Anwachslamellen Mikrodornen aufweist, wird aus dem Emsium der La Vid Gruppe in ihrem Typus-Profil im Kantabrischen Gebirge in Nordspanien beschrieben. Die neue Gattung ist durch eine geringe Anzahl an Rippen und ein nach hinten orientiertes Armgerüst, das aus Spiralen mit geringem Durchmesser besteht, gekennzeichnet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Typusart der neuen Gattung, Leonispirifer leonensis, beschrieben und ihre phylogenetische Herkunft aus der Gattung Filispirifer diskutiert. Zum ersten Mal sind 3d-Rekonstruktionen von Filispirifer and Leonispirifer angefertigt worden, die die unterschiedliche Lage des Armgerüstes, seitlich versus nach hinten gerichtet, der beiden Gattungen zeigen. Ein Rekonstruktionsversuch der Lebensweise von Leonispirifer mit besonderem Augenmerk auf das Filtriersystem des Lophophorapparates dieser Gattung wird vorgestellt. Leonispirifer ist bisher nur aus dem Emsium, La Pedrosa-Formation, von Nordspanien bekannt und kommt wahrscheinlich auch im Siegenium, Assa-Formation (“Rich 1”), von Marokko vor. Nach der aktuellen Paläobiogeographie für das Unter-Devon gehören beide Regionen dem nördlichen Schelf von Gondwana an.

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Notes

  1. Institutional abbreviations:

    GZG.INV.: Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universität Göttingen, Museum, Germany; Mbg.: Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Philipps Universität Marburg, Germany; MEM: Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines, Rabat, Morocco; NHM: Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; SMF: Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; YPM: Peabody Museum of Natural History/Yale University, New Haven, USA.

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Acknowledgments

I am very grateful to Mike Reich (Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universität Göttingen, Museum) for providing access to the brachiopod collection, photography equipment, and working space during two research visits. Additional study material was provided by Lee Davies (Natural History Museum, London) and Ulrich Jansen (Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main). Susan Butts (Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven) gave me access to the North American brachiopod collection. I thank Mark Sutton and Russell Garwood (both from Imperial College, London) for running the CT scan of Paraspirifer brownockeri, helping with the SPIERS software, and their endless patience in solving German computer problems. Jenaro García-Alcalde (Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo) kindly provided me with additional information about the collecting localities. I acknowledge Erika Dörner (Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main) and Thomas Schramm (SUNY New Paltz) for preparing serial sections and acetate peels of Leonispirifer leonensis, and Juliane Eberhardt (Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main) and Melissa McMullen (University of Cincinnati) for preparing serial sections and acetate peels of Filispirifer hamadae. I thank Michael Sosnitza (Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universität Göttingen, Museum) for assisting with the photography of the specimens. Ulrich Jansen kindly allowed me to use his photographs of collecting localities in Spain and of the original material from Termier and Termier (1950). I am grateful to Alan Lord (Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main) for improving the English of the manuscript, and to Alberto Perez-Huerta (University of Alabama) for polishing the Spanish of the abstract. The manuscript greatly benefited from the suggestions of the following reviewers: Robert B. Blodgett (US Geological Survey, Anchorage, USA) and Adam T. Halamski (Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, Warsaw, Poland). This study is part of the DFG (German Science Foundation) Grant JA 987/6-1: Biohistoric evolution of spiriferid brachiopods: A model study of a globally distributed Devonian clade. The help from Melissa McMullen and Thomas Schramm was financed by the RISE (Research Internships in Science and Engineering) program of the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service). This research received support from the SYNTHESYS project (http://www.synthesys.info/), which is financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 Structuring the European Research Area program (GB-TAF-5141).

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  1. Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Paläozoologie III, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Mena Schemm-Gregory

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Measurements and number of ribs of Leonispirifer leonensis gen. et sp. nov (Table 2)

Table 2 Measurements and number of ribs of Leonispirifer leonensis gen. et sp. nov
Full size table

Appendix 2: Specimens examined for comparison

?Leonispirifer pseudocultrijugatus (Termier and Termier, 1950)

  • Dorsal internal mold and fragment of external mold: locality: Tata, MEM dm 589

  • Stratum: ? Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian); for further explanations see Jansen (2001a).

Filispirifer merzakhsaiensis Jansen, 2001a

  • Dorsal internal mold with corresponding external mold: locality: Tadoucht II, SMF 59103a-b (holotype).

  • Ventral internal molds: locality: Tadoucht, SMF 59627.

  • Dorsal internal molds: locality: Tadoucht, SMF 59103a.

  • Ventral external molds: locality: Tadoucht II, SMF 59124, 65397.

  • Dorsal external molds: locality: Tadoucht II, SMF 59103b.

  • Stratum: Merzâ-Akhsaï Formation (“Rich 2”), Middle to Upper Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian); for further explanations see Jansen (2001a).

Filispirifer hamadae Schemm-Gregory, 2008a

  • Articulated shells: locality: Foum el Hassane, SMF 66556-66563 (SMF 66590 used for serial sectioning)

  • Internal molds of articulated shells: locality: Assa I, SMF 66527, 66528, 66542, 66545, 66547, 66585-66587.

  • Ventral internal molds: locality: Assa I, SMF 65022, 65065a-b, 65204, 66196, 66534, 66545, 66580.

  • Dorsal internal molds: locality: Assa I, SMF 66532, 66535, 66536, 66546, 66581, 66582, 66584;

  • Stratum: Assa and Merzâ-Akhsaï formation (“Rich 1-2”), Middle to Upper Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian); for further explanations see Jansen (2001a).

  • All localities of ?Leonispirifer pseudocultrijugtus, F. merzakhsaiensis, and F. hamadae are situated in the Dra Valley (SW Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco).

Filispirifer fallax (Giebel, 1858)

  • Ventral internal mold with corresponding external mold: GZG.INV.30401a, b, 30403a, b, Mbg. 4845a, b.

  • Ventral internal molds: Mbg. 4833, 4835, 4836, 4838b, 4839, 4842, 4843b, 4844, 4847, SMF 65396.

  • Ventral external mold: SMF 65403.

  • Ventral external shell: GZG.INV.30404.

  • Dorsal internal mold with corresponding external mold: SMF 65395a, b.

  • Dorsal internal molds: GZG.INV.30405, Mbg. 4834, 4837a, b, 4838a, 4843a, 4846.

  • Dorsal external shell: GZG.INV.30402.

  • Material of Jahnke (1971: 32) stored in the Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universität Göttingen, Museum.

  • All localities: Erbsloch-Schurf (= Erbsloch Trench), South of Densberg, Kellerwald, topographical map sheet 1:25,000 Gilserberg (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany), stratum: Erbslochgrauwacke, lower Lower Emsian (upper Lower Devonian).

?Filispirifer beaujeani (Béclard, 1887)

  • Latex casts of dorsal internal mold and corresponding external mold of lectotype [original specimen: a 1254]. Locality: Bois de Saint-Michel, Thiers des Grippes, Belgium. Stratum: Grauwacke de Saint-Michel (= Villé Formation), Lower Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian).

  • Latex casts of ventral internal mold and corresponding external mold of paratype [original specimen: a 1930]. Locality: Gare de Longlier, Belgium. Stratum: Quartzophyllades de Longlier, Middle Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian).

  • Latex cast of ventral internal mold [original specimen: a 1931]. Locality: Amonines, Trench 700 m, Belgium. Stratum: Middle Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian).

  • Latex cast of dorsal internal mold [original specimen: a 1932]. Locality and stratum: see “a 1931” above.

Corylispirifer subsulcatus (Barrois, 1889)

  • Dorsal internal mold: Locality: Cisñera, NHM B 24387.

  • Ventral internal mold: Locality: La Vid type section, cuts La Vid–Vergacervera road, SMF 66985, 66986.

  • Stratum: Bed 25 of La Pedrosa Formation, Lower Emsian (upper Lower Devonian).

  • All localities situated in Cantabrian Mountains, Province of León, northern Spain.

Paraspirifer bownockeri Stewart, 1927

  • Articulated shells: SMF 18256, 65864, YPM 221312-221314.

  • All localities: Sylvania Quarry, SW of Sylvania village, Lucas County, Ohio, USA. Stratum: Beds K–N, silica shale, Givetian (upper Middle Devonian).

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Schemm-Gregory, M. Leonispirifer leonensis gen. et sp. nov., a rare new delthyridoid spiriferid brachiopod from northern Spain (Brachiopoda, Lower Devonian). Paläontol Z 84, 345–364 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-009-0048-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-009-0048-y

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