Abstract
This work implements a fall and posture detection system exploiting low cost sensors and applying machine learning to aid people in need both at indoor and outdoor. This intelligent system is able to identify fall with and without recovery within a stipulated period of time. In case of fall without recovery, an alert message along with date, time and location of fall is sent to relative/caregiver. This feature ensures real time assistance to avoid any criticality due to delay. In addition to this, an immediate last posture before the fall is also notified to identify the proneness of a person towards fall from a specific posture. This may aid clinical persons to take appropriate measures to prevent the future fall. The system is also able to take care of an unresponsive device after a fall (if any). We have designed and implemented this intelligent live fall with posture detection system, exploiting the sensors in micro processor unit (MPU) 6050 combined with low cost ESP 8266 micro-controller unit (MCU) using WiFi connectivity. The kinematic sensor data is collected at a rate of 40 Hz using accelerometer and gyroscope.The result shows that the system can identify the location and posture of the subject on regular interval along with the date and time of fall (if any). The emergency help system is aided with an audio-visual warning at the raspberry Pi based monitoring station along with a facility of sending the distress SMS.The system can operate either in manual or in auto mode. The dataset is prepared from local people of varied age groups (between 10 and 70 years) of both the genders.The system is tested randomly on 10 volunteers with an overall detection accuracy upto 98%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bloem BR et al (2016) Measurement instruments to assess posture, gait, and balance in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 31(9):1342–1355. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26572
Castaldo R et al (2017) Fall prediction in hypertensive patients via short-term HRV analysis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 21(2):399–406. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2016.2543960
Claudia F et al (2019) Feasibility of home based automated assessment of postural instability and lower limb impairments in Parkinson’s disease. Sensors 19:5. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051129
Cusimano MD, Saarela M (2020) A population based study of fall-related traumatic brain injury identified in older adults in hospital emergency departments. Neurosurg Focus 49(4):E20
Er PV, Tan KK (2018) Nonintrusive fall detection monitoring for the elderly based on fuzzy logic. Measurement 124:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.04.009
Francisco Luna-Perejón et al (2019) Wearable fall detector using recurrent neural networks. Sensors 19(22):4885. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224885
Gutiérrez J, Rodríguez V, Martin S (2021) Comprehensive review of vision-based fall detection systems. Sensors 21(3):947
Hanlon P et al (2018) Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493737 UK Biobank participants. Lancet Public Health 3(7):e323–e332. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30091-4
He X et al (2020) RFID based non-contact human activity detection exploiting cross polarization. IEEE Access 8:46585–46595. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2979080
Hu X, Xingda Q (2016) Pre-impact fall detection. Biomed Eng Online 15(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-016-0194-x
Juang L-H, Ming-Ni W (2015) Fall down detection under smart home system. J Med Syst 39(10):1–12
Kumar A, Madhu S (2015) A research review on airbag in automobile safety system. Int J Appl Eng Res 10(33):26815–26819
Liting L et al (2020) A network pharmacology based study of the molecular mechanisms of Shaoyao Gancao decoction in treating Parkinson’s disease. Interdiscip Sci Comp Life Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12539-020-00359-7
Marco A et al (2018) Smart shoe-assisted evaluation of using a single trunk/pocket-worn accelerometer to detect gait phases. Sensors 18:3811. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113811
Melillo Paolo et al (2017) Identifying fallers among ophthalmic patients using classification tree methodology. PLoS One 12(3):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174083
Mubashir Muhammad, Shao Ling, Seed Luke (2013) A survey on fall detection: principles and approaches. Neurocomputing 100:144–152
Naeem A, Khan S (2019) Fall detection using accelerometer calibration. In: The 15th International Conference on Emerging Technologies 2019 (ICET’19). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICET48972.2019.8994362
Patel S et al (2012) A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. J Neuro Eng Rehabil 9(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-9-21
Pham VT et al (2018) Development of a real-time, simple and high-accuracy fall detection system for elderly using 3-DOF accelerometers. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3496-4
Phi VL, Fujimoto Y (2019) A robotic cane for balance maintenance assistance. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 15(7):3998–4009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2903893
Saleh M, Jeannés RLB (2019) Elderly fall detection using wearable sensors: a low cost highly accurate algorithm. IEEE Sens J 19(8):3156–3164. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2891128
Sheryl A et al (2018) Optimized low computational algorithm for elderly fall detection based on machine learning techniques. Biomed Res. https://doi.org/10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-18-1137
Shu F, Shu J (2021) An eight-camera fall detection system using human fall pattern recognition via machine learning by a low-cost android box. Sci Rep 11(1):1–17
Srinivasan S, Rajesh M (2019) SmartWalking Stick. In: Tirunelveli, India. Tirunelveli, India: IEEE, pp. 576-579. isbn: 978-1-5386-9440-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOEI.2019.8862753
Syed S et al (2020) IoT Based MEMS Crash Sensor for Airbag System. In: Advances in Cybernetics, Cognition, and Machine Learning for Communication Technologies. Springer, Berlin, pp. 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3125-5_40
Thakur D, Suparna B (2020) Smartphone based human activity monitoring and recognition using ML and DL: a comprehensive survey. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 1-12
Tian Y et al (2018) RF-Based fall monitoring using convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 2.3. https://doi.org/10.1145/3264947
Tinetti ME, Williams CS (1997) Falls, injuries due to falls, and the risk of admission to a nursing home. N Engl J Med 337(18):1279–1284. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199710303371806
Walid G (2021) Comparative analysis of different approaches to human activity recognition based on accelerometer signals. Machine learning and big data analytics paradigms: analysis applications and challenges. Springer, Berlin, pp 303–322
Wang H et al (2017) RT-fall: a real-time and contactless fall detection system with commodity Wifi devices. IEEE Trans Mob Comp 16(2):511–526. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2016.2557795
Wang Y, Wu K, Ni LM (2017) WiFall: device-free fall detection by wireless networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comp 16(2):581–594. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2016.2557792
Yoo S, Gil O, Dongik A (2018) An artificial neural network-based fall detection. Int J Eng Bus Manag 10:184797901878790. https://doi.org/10.1177/1847979018787905
Yu M, Gong L, Kollias S (2017) Computer vision based fall detection by a convolutional neural network. In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction—ICMI 2017. ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3136755.3136802
Zhang H et al (2020) A novel fuzzy logic algorithm for accurate fall detection of smart wristband. Trans Inst Meas Control 42(4):786–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142331219881578
Zhang Q, Ren L, Shi W (2013) HONEY: a multimodality fall detection and telecare system. Telemed J e-health 19(5):415–29. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0109
Zhang J, Cheng W, Wang Y (2020) Human fall detection based on body posture spatiotemporal evolution. Sensors 20(3):946
Zurbuchen N, Bruegger P, Wilde A (2021) A Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Fall Detection using Wearable Sensors. In: 2020 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic48513.2020.9065205
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhattacharjee, P., Biswas, S. Smart walking assistant (SWA) for elderly care using an intelligent realtime hybrid model. Evolving Systems 13, 265–279 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12530-021-09382-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12530-021-09382-5