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Southernmost record of an epibiotic alga Pseudocladophora conchopheria (Sakai) Boedeker & Leliaert (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae) with insights into the geographical dispersal and host utilization

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Abstract

The accumulation of information on the geographical distribution range, genetic structure, and host utilization of the symbiont is important for studying how the symbiont spreads its distribution. Pseudocladophora conchopheria is a green alga that grows on the shells of intertidal gastropods distributed in the Japanese Archipelago, the Ryukyu Archipelago, and the southern part of Korean Peninsula. However, we discovered algae similar to P. conchopheria on the shells of gastropods from Vietnam. Therefore, species identification of the algae and the host gastropods was performed based on morphological observations and molecular genetic methods. As a result, the morphological characteristics of the algae were consistent with those of P. conchopheria, and the morphological characteristics of the host gastropods were consistent with those of Lunella granulata. Molecular genetic methods further supported these results of morphological identification. Interestingly, their algae were more closely related to P. conchopheria attached to L. correensis from the Sea of Japan rather than those attached to L. granulata from the Ryukyu Archipelago. These results suggest that P. conchopheria has expanded its distribution by utilizing multiple hosts and are explained on a wider scale than previous findings.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Shun Ito, Takahiro Hirano, Takumi Saito, and Masanori Tatani for the research advice and support. We would like to thank Inaba Laboratory at the Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, and Chiba Laboratory at Tohoku University for providing us with the support. We also gratefully acknowledge the editors of Marine Biodiversity and the anonymous reviewers.

Funding

This study was financially supported by a Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant (2020–5046) from the Japan Science Society, and JSPS KAKENHI (JP17H04611, JP20J14469, JP22J00433 and JP21K15161).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1, Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan

    Osamu Kagawa

  2. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam

    Do Van Tu

  3. Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam

    Do Van Tu

  4. School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitazato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan

    Takeaki Hanyuda

  5. Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0862, Japan

    Satoshi Chiba

  6. Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan

    Daishi Yamazaki

Authors
  1. Osamu Kagawa
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  2. Do Van Tu
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  3. Takeaki Hanyuda
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Osamu Kagawa.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the use of animals were followed by the authors.

Sampling and field studies

All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements, if applicable. The study is compliant with CBD and Nagoya protocols.

Data availability

The sequence data obtained are registered and available in GenBank of NCBI (accession numbers; OR844530- OR844531 and OR863900-OR863902).

Author contribution

OK and DY conceived this study. DY and DVT carried out field surveys and purchased the gastropods. TH presented the molecular identification method. SC provided the experimental environment, including reagents and equipment. OK conducted the morphological observations, genetic experiments, and genetic analyses and wrote the first draft of this paper. All authors revised the paper.

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Communicated by C. Chen

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Kagawa, O., Van Tu, D., Hanyuda, T. et al. Southernmost record of an epibiotic alga Pseudocladophora conchopheria (Sakai) Boedeker & Leliaert (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae) with insights into the geographical dispersal and host utilization. Mar. Biodivers. 54, 47 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-024-01437-5

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