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Epipelagic cnidarian fauna in the Western Equatorial Atlantic Ocean off the Amazon River Delta

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Abstract

We surveyed the epipelagic cnidarian fauna from the Western Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. A characteristic feature in this area is the freshwater discharge of the Amazon River, the largest continental inflow in the world’s oceans. We analyzed 87 plankton and 90 neuston samples collected at the neritic and oceanic provinces of the Western Tropical Atlantic under the influence of the Amazon River Plume off the north coast of Brazil. We studied 34,772 organisms corresponding to 7 orders, 31 families, and 93 species. Among them, Forskalia tholoides was a new record to the coast off South America, and 20 taxa were new regional records. Species accumulation curves and diversity estimators did not reach an asymptote and clearly suggested the occurrence of a considerably higher number of species. Sampling in different seasons, with different gears, and including deeper waters certainly will further increase the number of known pelagic cnidarian species in the area. Open ocean had higher diversity than the continental shelf, both for holoplanktonic and some meroplanktonic taxa. This trend can be related to complex circulation and topography. In conclusion, we observed high diversity in the epipelagic cnidarian community. The heterogeneity of habitats in the area is likely the main factor responsible for the high biodiversity, with samples from estuarine, coastal, neritic (with a large reef system), and oceanic waters. The wide salinity range caused by the Amazon River Plume and other oceanographic mesoscale processes such as eddies and opposite currents add further complexity to the environment.

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Acknowledgements

We especially thank Dr. Dhugal Lindsay for the useful insights on species identification. We also thank Dr. Xikun Song and the anonymous reviewer whose comments/suggestions helped improve and clarify this manuscript.

Funding

Sampling project was funded by the Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology for Tropical Marine Environments (INCT AmbTropic), the Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change (Rede CLIMA), and the European Integrated CARBOCHANGE. The CNPq (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) provided a PhD scholarship to E. G. T. (grant 140897/2017-8) and a Research Scholarship to S. N. L. and M. A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Arquitetura, S/N, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil

    Everton Giachini Tosetto, Sigrid Neumann-Leitão & Moacyr Araujo

  2. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MARBEC (Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD), 34200, Sète, France

    Everton Giachini Tosetto

  3. Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change – Rede CLIMA, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos, SP, 1227-010, Brazil

    Moacyr Araujo

  4. Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil

    Miodeli Nogueira Júnior

Authors
  1. Everton Giachini Tosetto
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  2. Sigrid Neumann-Leitão
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  3. Moacyr Araujo
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  4. Miodeli Nogueira Júnior
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Everton Giachini Tosetto.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed by the authors.

Sampling and field studies

All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the Acknowledgements/Funding.

Data availability

Data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Author contribution

MA and SNL conceived and designed the research project. MA led the samplings. EGT and MNJ examined materials, identified species, and performed data analysis. EGT and MNJ wrote the initial version of the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the final manuscript.

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Communicated by D. Maggioni

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Giachini Tosetto, E., Neumann-Leitão, S., Araujo, M. et al. Epipelagic cnidarian fauna in the Western Equatorial Atlantic Ocean off the Amazon River Delta. Mar. Biodivers. 52, 50 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01286-0

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