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Diversity of two widespread Indo-Pacific demosponge species revisited

  • Red Sea Biodiversity
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Abstract

The Indo-Pacific is the world’s largest marine biogeographic region, covering the tropical and subtropical waters from the Red Sea in the Western Indian Ocean to the Easter Islands in the Pacific. It is characterized by a vast degree of biogeographic connectivity in particular in its marine realm. So far, usage of molecular tools rejected the presence of cosmopolitan or very widespread sponge species in several cases, supporting hypotheses on a higher level of endemism among marine invertebrates than previously thought. We analysed the genetic diversity of Hyrtios erectus and Stylissa massa, two alleged widespread sponge species of the Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea and Mayotte in the West Indian Ocean to Polynesia in the Central Pacific. In the region of its type locality, the Red Sea, Hyrtios erectus is genetically distinct, and the populations from the remaining Indo-Pacific are a potentially different species and paraphyletic in respect to H. altus. Stylissa massa falls into different, but widespread genetic clades, one of them (Stylissa cf. massa), with distinct potentially hairpin-forming elements in mitochondrial intergenic regions. The results also indicate that morphologically established demosponge species in the Indo-Pacific can be widespread, but simultaneously harbour cryptic, genetically distinct lineages.

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Acknowledgements

DE and GW thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for financial support (Er611/3-1, Wo896/15-1). RA thanks the Indonesian Government for funding of her work. The scientific research cooperation between King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Faculty of Marine Sciences (FMS), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and the Senckenberg Research Institute (SRI), Frankfurt, Germany, in the framework of the Red Sea Biodiversity Project, during which the present material was collected, was funded by KAU GRANT NO. “I/1/432-DSR”. The authors acknowledge, with many thanks, KAU and SRI for technical and financial support. Steve C. de Cook, Gabriele Büttner, Simone Schätzle and two anonymous reviewers are thanked for various contributions to this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany

    Dirk Erpenbeck, Ratih Aryasari, Sarah Benning, Emilie Kaltenbacher, Oliver Voigt & Gert Wörheide

  2. GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany

    Dirk Erpenbeck & Gert Wörheide

  3. Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Ratih Aryasari

  4. IRD LEMAR, IUEM Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France

    Cécile Debitus

  5. Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Ali M. Al-Aidaroos

  6. ICBM Terramare, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany

    Peter Schupp

  7. Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, QLD, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia

    Kathryn Hall & John N. A. Hooper

  8. Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD, Nathan, Australia

    John N. A. Hooper

  9. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Nicole J. de Voogd

  10. SNSB – Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany

    Gert Wörheide

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  1. Dirk Erpenbeck
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Correspondence to Dirk Erpenbeck.

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Communicated by M. M. El-Sherbiny

Electronic supplementary material

Supplementary Figure 1

Maximum likelihood phylogram of Hyrtios spp. based on the 28S data set. Note that positions with intragenomic polymorphisms were omitted prior to reconstructing the tree. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support >70. Numbers preceding the taxon names refer to NCBI Genbank accession numbers or museum voucher numbers: (QM)G3#####: Queensland Museum; (SNSB-BSPG.)GW#### and others: Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology (PDF 198 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2

Measurements of spicule length and width of selected representatives of S. massa and S. cf. massa. (PDF 103 kb)

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Erpenbeck, D., Aryasari, R., Benning, S. et al. Diversity of two widespread Indo-Pacific demosponge species revisited. Mar Biodiv 47, 1035–1043 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0783-3

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