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OpenLDM: Open-Source Land-Use and Land-Cover Dynamics Modeling Platform

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Abstract

Land-use planners, climate researchers, and policymakers require a transparent land-use and land-cover (LULC) change modeling software, supporting various aspects of iterative modeling life cycle through integrated but loosely coupled modules built using appropriate techniques into a single platform. With this premise, an ‘Open-source Land-use and Land-cover Dynamics Modeling platform’ (OpenLDM) is developed and presented in this paper. The platform integrates different components of empirical land change modeling cycle such as model selection from the available parametric and nonparametric methods; suitability map generation; demand generation; allocation (in spatial or non-spatial context); simulation of future LULC map based on business-as-usual or demand-and-policy-driven scenarios; accuracy assessment; and visualization. Suitability maps for each LULC class can be generated using techniques like regression (logistic and linear), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest (RF) and user-controlled spatial context. The statistical aids provided for parametric methods help selecting relevant drivers for each LULC class. The support for policy interventions such as goal-specific LULC class demand distribution, land conversion prioritization, and control over spatial mobility of land classes are possible by providing LULC demand, allocation-priority matrix, and class-inertia parameters. R and Python programming languages are used for development, considering portability to other open-source platforms. A case example presented here demonstrates the capabilities of the OpenLDM and the advantages of loose framework. It also illustrates estimation of optimum modeling parameters with improved quantitative and location agreement, selection of appropriate method(s) for generation of suitability maps for individual LULC classes under demand constraints and class-migration restrictions. The OpenLDM will be useful to researchers engaged in the domain of land system, ecosystem, and climate sciences.

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Fig. 1

source Land-use Land-cover Dynamics Modeling platform (OpenLDM)

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Availability of Data and Material

The data can be downloaded from https://github.com/ashutoshkumarjha/OpenLDM/examples

Code Availability

Name of Software: OpenLDM-1.0. Developers: Ashutosh Kumar Jha. Contact details: GID, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO, Dehradun,Uttarakhand, India-248001; email:akjha@iirs.gov.in. Year first available: 2021. Hardware requirement: OpenLDM was run on computers with 4–16 cores (2.4–3.1 GHz) and 8 128 GB RAM. OS requirement: macOS Catalina/Linux Ubuntu/Windows 10. Software requirements: R for command prompt [Python3 and PyQt for GUI version; Anaconda environment]. Program size: 22 MB including GUI, test data and help files. Source code availability: OpenLDM can be downloaded from https://github.com/ashutoshkumarjha/OpenLDM

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Acknowledgements

Authors (AKJ, SKS, and SS) thank Director, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun, for his constant guidance and support. We thank anonymous reviewers for their critical comments, which significantly helped in improving the manuscript quality. The datasets used for case example are taken from ISRO-Geosphere-Biosphere Program (ISRO-GBP) funded project. The work presented here is part of the Ph.D. research by the first author (AKJ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India

    Ashutosh Kumar Jha, S. K. Srivastav & Sameer Saran

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttrakhand, India

    S. K. Ghosh

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  1. Ashutosh Kumar Jha
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  3. S. K. Srivastav
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Contributions

Ashutosh Kumar Jha contributed to model’s conceptualization, software—design, development and implementation, writing—original draft, review and editing. S. K. Ghosh contributed to guidance and writing—original draft and review. S. K. Srivastava provided data and contributed to software—technical validation, and writing—manuscript and review. Sameer Saran contributed to supervision and writing—original draft and review.

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Correspondence to Ashutosh Kumar Jha.

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Jha, A.K., Ghosh, S.K., Srivastav, S.K. et al. OpenLDM: Open-Source Land-Use and Land-Cover Dynamics Modeling Platform. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 50, 1071–1086 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01516-9

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