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Birch bark tar ornaments: identification of 2000-year-old beads and bracelets in southwest China

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Abstract

Birch bark tar is one of the oldest man-made organic materials, which was most commonly served as adhesives in ancient Eurasia, but little is known about its usage in personal ornaments. In this study, we present the earliest direct evidence for the specific use of birch bark tar in the production of ornaments through chemical investigation (including FTIR, GC/MS, and Py-GC/MS) and imaging examination (including SEM and micro-CT). The chemical and microscopic analyses indicate that some beads and bracelets unearthed from a public cemetery (the Dayuanzi site) of an ancient state or tribe (Xinan Yi) on the eastern Yunnan plateau in southwest China dated to approximately 475 BCE–8 CE were exclusively made with birch bark tar. These ornaments represent a unique cultural phenomenon among ethnic groups in this region, which may contribute to a better understanding of plant exploitation and the related birch bark culture among different cultural groups and their interrelationships in the past.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Gen Li at The Palace Museum for his help in SEM-EDS analysis; Xueyan Zhang and Han Gao at The Palace Museum for their contributions in CT analysis; and Jiaoyang Li at the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences for the help in the GC/MS analysis.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFF0903800) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Conservation Science, The Palace Museum, Beijing, China

    Meng Ren, An Gu & Yong Lei

  2. Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yong Yang

  3. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Huiyun Rao

  4. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yimin Yang

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Contributions

YMY and MR designed the study. YY excavated the site and contributed to sampling and archaeological backgrounds. MR performed the main analysis, AG and YL supported FTIR and CT analyses, and HYR supported GC/MS analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by MR; YMY revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yimin Yang.

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Ren, M., Yang, Y., Rao, H. et al. Birch bark tar ornaments: identification of 2000-year-old beads and bracelets in southwest China. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 15, 186 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01886-2

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