Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A taphonomic and spatial distribution study of the new levels of the middle Pleistocene site of Notarchirico (670–695 ka, Venosa, Basilicata, Italy)

  • Research
  • Published:
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

New excavations in the lower part of the sequence dated between 670 and 695 ka by 40Ar/39Ar and ESR-U-Th at Notarchirico revealed layers with lithic and bone remains attesting several phases of human occupations. Some of these occupations are located at the top of residual pebble/cobble lags along former water channels, while others are more disturbed. All the layers yield faunal and lithic remains. Here, we aim to discuss the interpretative limits of traces of hominin occupations in such Early Palaeolithic sites through a multidisciplinary approach focusing on depositional and post-depositional processes in sedimentary units applied on the micro/macro-mammal remains, artefacts (surfaces, micro-wear traces), and spatial distribution of the archaeological material. These data are then compared with those from M. Piperno’s previous excavations in the upper part of the sequence (610–670 ka). As is often the case in open-air deposits and wetland environments, the majority of the bone surface modifications are related to natural abrasion caused by trampling and water flow. By contrast, the lithic material provides more relevant results both on taphonomic processes before and after the hominin occupations and function of the site. Despite the strong impact of post-depositional processes on archaeological material, evidence of hominin activities can nonetheless be inferred, shedding light on early hominin occupations of western Europe at the MIS 17/MIS 16 transition. The discussion takes penecontemporaneous open-air sites into consideration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The material is stored at the Museum of Venosa (Basilicata, Italy) and available by permission of the superintendency of Basilicata.

References

  • Abruzzese C, Aureli D, Rocca R (2016) Assessment of the Acheulean in Southern Italy: new study on the Atella site (Basilicata, Italy). Quat Int 393:158–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Accorsi CA, Anconetani P, Crovetto C, Cremaschi M, Evangelista L, Ferrari M, Giacobini G, Giusberti G, Malerba G, Mercuri AM, Peretto C, Sala B, Thun Hohenstein U, Vianello F (1996) I reperti paleontologici del giacimento paleolitico di Isernia La Pineta: l’uomo e l’ambiente. Cosmo Iannone Editore, Isernia

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P (1990) Owls, Caves and Fossils. Predation, preservation and accumulation of small mammals bones in caves, with an analysis of the Pleistocene cave faunas from Westbury-sub-Mendip, Somerset, UK. Natural History Museum, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoine P, Moncel M-H, Locht J-L, Bahain J-J, Voinchet P, Herisson D, Hurel A (2019) The earliest record of Acheulean human occupation in North-West Europe. Nat Sci Rep 9:13091

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud J, Arzarello M, Lembo G, Muttillo B, Peretto C, Rufo E (2017) Between “vintage” and “avant-guard”, the Lower Palaeolithic settlements in Molise region (Italy). Quat Int 450:5–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arzarello M, Pavia G, Peretto C, Petronio C, Sardella R (2012) Evidence of an early Pleistocene hominin presence at Pirro Nord (Apricena, Foggia, southern Italy): P13 site. Quat Int 267:56–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aslan A, Behrensmeyer AK (1996) Taphonomy and time resolution of bone assemblages in a contemporary fluvial system: The East Fork River. Wyoming, Palaios 11(5):411–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aureli D, Contardi A, Giaccio B, Jicha B, Lemorini C, Madonna S, Rocca R (2015) Palaeoloxodon and human interaction: depositional setting, chronology and archaeology at the Middle Pleistocene Ficoncella site (Tarquinia, Italy). PLoS One 10(4):e0124498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baena Preysler JB, Navas CT (2019) Explaining links from the past: material distribution in Charco Hondo 2 Acheulian archeological site (Madrid, Spain). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11(9):4397–4421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkai R (2016) Elephants are people, people are elephants: Human–proboscideans similarities as a case for cross cultural animal humanization in recent and Paleolithic times. Quat Int 406:239–245

  • Barsky D (2013) The Caune de l’Arago stone industries in their stratigraphical context. C R Palevol 12(5):305–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barsky D, de Lumley H (2010) Early European Mode 2 and the stone industry from the Caune de l’Arago’s archeostratigraphical levels “P”. Quat Int 223-224:71–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behrensmeyer AK (1975) The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Bull. of the Mus. of Comp. Zoology 146:473–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrensmeyer AK (1978) Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Palaeobiology 4:150–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behrensmeyer AK, Gordon KD, Yanagi GT (1986) Trampling as a cause of bone surface damage and pseudo-cutmarks. Nature 319:768–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belli G, Belluomini G, Cassoli PF, Cecchi S, Cucarzi M, Delitala L, Fornaciari G, Mallegni F, Piperno M, Segre AG, Segre-Naldini E (1991) Découverte d’un femur acheuléeen à Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicate). L’Anthr 95:47–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett PC (1991) Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:1782–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bermúdez de Castro JM, Martinón‐Torres M, Arsuaga JL, Carbonell E (2017) Twentieth anniversary of homo antecessor (1997‐2017): a review. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 26(4):157–171

  • Bermúdez-de-Castro JM, Martinón-Torres M, Martín-Francés L, Modesto-Mata M, Martínez-de-Pinillos M, García C, Carbonell E (2008) Homo antecessor: the state of the art eighteen years later. Quat Int 433:22–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertran P, Bordes J-G, Todisco D, Vallin L (2017) Géoarchéologie et taphonomie des vestiges archéologiques :impacts des processus naturels sur les assemblages et méthodes d’analyse. In : J.-P. Brugal (dir.), TaphonomieS. GDR "Taphonomie, Environnement et Archéologie", CNRS-INEE, Éditions des Archives Contemporaines, pp 23-15.

  • Bertran P, Lenoble A, Todisco D, Desrosiers PM, Sørensen M (2012) Particle size distribution of lithic assemblages and taphonomy of Palaeolithic sites. J Archaeol Sci 39:3148–3166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyene Y, Katoh S, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Sudo M, Kondo M et al (2013) The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. PNAS USA 110:1584–1591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford LR (1978a) dimensional analysis of behavior and site structure: learning from an Eskimo hunting stand. Am Anthropol 43(3):330–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford LR (1978b) Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology. Studies in Archeology. Academic Press, New York, p 509

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford LR (1979) Organization and formation processes: looking at curated technologies. J Anthropol Res 35(3):255–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford LR (1981a) Behavioral archaeology and the «Pompeii premise». J Anthropol Res 37(3):195–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford LR (1981b) Bones: ancient men and modern myths. Academic Press, New York, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford LR (1982) The archaeology of place. J Anthropol Archaeol 1:5–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasco R, Rosell J, Peris JF, Caceres I, Vergès JM (2008) A new element of trampling: an experimental application on the Level XII faunal record of Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain). J Archaeol Sci 35:1605–1618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenschine RJ, Marean CW, Capaldo SD (1996) Blind tests of inter-analyst correspondence and accuracy in the identification of cut marks, percussion marks, and carnivore tooth marks on bone surfaces. J Archaeol Sci 23:493–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenschine RJ, Selvaggio MM (1988) Percussion marks on bone surfaces as a new diagnostic of hominid behaviour. Nature 333:763–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Böhner U, Serangeli J, Richter P (2015) The Spear Horizon: first spatial analysis of the Schöningen site 13 II-4. J Hum Evol 89:202–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breda M, Lister A (2013) Dama roberti, a new species of deer from the early Middle Pleistocene of Europe, and the origins of modern. Quat Sci Rev 69:155–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breda M, Peretto C, Thun Hohenstein U (2015) The deer from the early Middle Pleistocene site of Isernia la Pineta (Molise, Italy): revised identifications and new remains from the last 15 years of excavation. Geol J 50(3):290–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brugal JP (1994) Introduction générale : action de l’eau sur les ossements et les assemblages fossiles. Artefacts 9:121–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck LT, Stringer CB (2014) Homo heidelbergensis. Curr Biol 24:R214–R215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burroni D, Donahue RE, Pollard AM, Mussi M (2002) The surface alteration features of flint artefacts as a record of environmental processes. J Archaeol Sci 29(11):1277–1287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassoli PF, Di Stefano G, Tagliacozzo A (1999) I Vertebrati dei livelli superiori (Alfa e A) della serie stratigrafica di Notarchirico. In: Piperno M (ed) Notarchirico un sito del Pleistocene medio iniziale nel bacino di Venosa. Ediz. Osanna, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “L. Pigorini”, Roma, pp 361–438

  • Caux S, Galland A, Queffelec A, Bordes JG (2018) Aspects and characterization of chert alteration in an archaeological context: a qualitative to quantitative pilot study. J Archaeol Sci Rep 20:210–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Channarayapatna S, Lembo G, Thun Hoheinstein H, Peretto C (2018) Preliminary results from application of GIS to study the distribution of select taphonomic agents and their effects on the faunal remains from 3 colluvium level of Isernia La Pineta. Quat 29:31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dibble HL, McPherron SP, Chase P, Farrand WR, Debénath A (2006) Taphonomy and the concept of Paleolithic cultures: the case of the Tayacian from Fontéchevade. Paleo Anthr 2006:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Díez Martin F, Sánchez Yustos P, Uribelarrea D, Baquedano E, Mark DF, Mabulla A, Fraile C, Duque J, Díaz I, Pérez-González A, Yravedra J, Egeland CP, Organista E, Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2015) The origin of the Acheulean: the 1.7 million-year-old site of FLKWest, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Nature Sc Rep 5:17839

    Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Bunn HT, Pickering TR, Mabulla AZ, Musiba CM, Baquedano E, Ashley GM, Diez-Martín F, Santonja M, Uribelarrea D, Barba R, Yravedra J, Barboni D, Arriaza C, Gidna A (2012) Autochthony and orientation patterns in Olduvai Bed I: a re-examination of the status of post-depositional biasing of archaeological assemblages from FLK North (FLKN). J Archaeol Sci 39(7):2116–2127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Cobo-Sánchez L, Yravedra J, Uribelarrea D, Arriaza C, Organista E, Baquedano E (2018) Fluvial spatial taphonomy: a new method for the study of post-depositional processes. Arch and Anthr Sc 10(7):1769–1789

    Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez-Rodrigo M, de Juana S, Galán AB, Rodríguez M (2009) A new protocol to differentiate trampling marks from butchery cut marks. J Archaeol Sci 36:2643–2654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Diez-Martín F, Yravedra J, Barba R, Mabulla A, Baquedano E, Eren MI (2014) Study of the SHK Main Site faunal assemblage, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: implications for Bed II taphonomy, paleoecology, and hominin utilization of megafauna. Quat Int 322:153–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Yravedra J, Organista E, Gidna A, Fourvel JB, Baquedano E (2015) A new methodological approach to the taphonomic study of paleontological and archaeological faunal assemblages: a preliminary case study from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). J Archaeol Sci 59:35–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland CP (2008) Patterns of early hominid site use at Olduvai Gorge. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 17:9–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeland CP (2014) Taphonomic estimates of competition and the role of carnivore avoidance in hominin site use within the Early Pleistocene Olduvai Basin. Quat Int 322-323:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland CP, Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2008) Taphonomic perspectives on hominid site use and foraging strategies during Bed II times at Olduvai Gorge. Tanzania J of Hum Evol 55(6):1031–1052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes P, Le Bourdonnec F-X, Raynal J-P, Poupeau G, Piboule M, Moncel M-H (2007) Origins of prehistoric flints: the neocortex memory revealed by scanning electron microscopy. C Rend Pal 6:557–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Jalvo Y (2003) Experimental effects of water abrasion on bone fragments. J Taphonomy 1(3):145–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Jalvo Y, Andrews P (2016) Atlas of taphonomic identifications: 1001+ images of fossil and recent mammal bone modification. Springer Science, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Jalvo Y, Andrews P, Denys C, Sesé C, Stoetzel E, Marin-Monfort D, Pesquero D (2016) Taphonomy for taxonomists: implications of predation in small mammal studies. Quat Sci Rev 139:138–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiers G (2020) The characteristics and alteration of flint: a multi-methodological approach and significance for archaeological research. PhD thesis. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorillo AR (1989) An experimental study of trampling: implications for the fossil record. In: Bonnichsen R, Sorg MH (eds) Bone modification. University of Maine Press, pp 61–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallotti R, Peretto C (2015) The Lower/early Middle Pleistocene small debitage productions in Western Europe: new data from Isernia La Pineta t.3c (Upper Volturno Basin, Italy). Quat Int 357:264–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudzinski-Windheuser S (2005) Subsistenzstrategien fruhpleistozaner Hominiden in Eurasien. In: Taphonomische Faunenbetrachtungen der undstellen der ‘Ubeidiya Formation (Israel). Verlag des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz

    Google Scholar 

  • Glauberman PJ, Thorson RM (2012) Flint patina as an aspect of “Flaked Stone Taphonomy”. J Taphon 10:21–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Guibert-Cardin J, Tourloukis V, Thompson N, Panagopoulou E, Harvati K, Nicoud E, Beyries S (2022) The function of small tools in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene: the case of Marathousa 1 (Megalopolis, Greece). J Lithic St 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.5553

  • Haynes G (1983) A guide for differentiating mammalian carnivore taxa responsible for gnaw damage to herbivore limb bones. Paleobiology 9(2):164–172

  • Hardy BL, Moncel MH, Despriée J, Courcimault G, Voinchet P (2018) Middle pleistocene hominin behavior at the 700ka Acheulean site of la Noira (France). Quaternary Science Reviews 199:60–82

  • Hardy BL, Moncel M-H (2011) Neanderthal use of fish, mammals, birds, starchy plants and wood 125-250,000 Years Ago. Plos One 6(8):e23768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy BL, Moncel M-H, Daujeard C, Fernandes P, Béarez P, Desclaux E, Chacon Navarro MG, Puaud S, Gallotti R (2013) Impossible Neanderthals? Making string, throwing projectiles and catching small game during Marine Isotope Stage 4 (Abri du Maras, France). Quat Sci Rev 82:23–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hohenstein UT, Di Nucci A, Moigne AM (2009) Mode de vie à Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Italie). Stratégie d’exploitation du Bison schoetensacki par les groupes humains au Paléolithique inférieur. L’Anth. 113(1):96–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard CD (2002) The gloss patination of flint artifacts. Plains Anthropol 47(182):283–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iannucci A, Mecozzi B, Sardella R (2021) Large mammals from the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 11) site of Fontignano 2 (Rome, central Italy), with an overview of “San Cosimato” assemblages. Alp Mediterr Quat 34(1):155–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac GL (1983) Bones in contention: competing explanation for the juxtaposition of Early Pleistocene artifacts and faunal remains. In: Clutton-Brock J, Grigson G (eds) Animals and archaeology: 1. Hunters and their prey, vol 163. BAR International Series, Oxford, pp 3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MD (1971) Olduvai gorge. In: Excavations in Bed I and II, vol. 3. Cambridge, University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefèvre D, Raynal J-P, Vernet G, Kieffer G, Piperno M (2010) Tephro-stratigraphy and the age of ancient Southern Italian Acheulean settlements: the sites of Loreto and Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy). Quat Int 223-224:360–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroyer M (2016) Palethnologie acheuléenne: de la technologie bifaciale à l'organisation de la subsistance collective: étude du site de Boxgrove-Eartham Pit (West Sussex, Angleterre) et de deux sites du cours moyen de la Seine, Unpublished Phd, University of Paris 1, France

  • Levi Sala I (1986a) Experimental replication of postdepositional surface modification on chert. In (L. Owen & G. Unrath, Eds) Technical aspects of microwear studies on stone tools. Early Man News 9(10/11):103–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi Sala I (1986b) Use wear and post-depositional surface modification: a word of caution. J Archaeol Sci 13:229–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lhomme V, Connet N, Bémilli C, Chaussé C, Beyries S, Guérin C (2000) Essai d’interprétation du site Paléolithique inférieur de Soucy 1 (Yonne). Gallia Préh 42(1):1–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugli F, Cipriani A, Arnaud J, Arzarello M, Peretto C, Benazzi S (2017) Suspected limited mobility of a Middle Pleistocene woman from Southern Italy: strontium isotopes of a human deciduous tooth. Nature Sci Rep 7:8615

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyman RL (1994) Vertebrate taphonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McPherron S (2018) Additional statistical and graphical methods for analyzing site formation processes using artifact orientations. Plos One 13(1):e0190195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPherron SP, Braun DR, Dogandžić T, Archer W, Desta D, Lin SC (2014) An experimental assessment of the influences on edge damage to lithic artifacts: a consideration of edge angle, substrate grain size, raw material properties, and exposed face. J of Arch Sc 49:70–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mecozzi B, Iannucci A, Mancini M, Sardella R (2021b) Redefining Ponte Molle (Rome, central Italy): an important locality for Middle Pleistocene mammal assemblages of Europe. Alp Mediterr Quat 34(1):131–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Mecozzi B, Iannucci A, Sardella R, Curci A, Daujeard C, Moncel M-H (2021) Macaca ulna from new excavations at the Notarchirico Acheulean site (Middle Pleistocene, Venosa, southern Italy). J Hum Evol 153:102946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez-Quintas E, Panera J, Altamura F, Di Bianco L, Melis RT, Piarulli F, Ruta G, Mussi M (2019) Gombore II (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia): a new approach to formation processes and spatial patterns of an Early Pleistocene Acheulean site. J Archaeol Sci 108:104975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez-Quintas E, Santonja M, Pérez-González A, Díaz-Rodriguez M, Serodio Domíngue A (2022) Exploring the formation processes on open-air palaeolithic sites: a late Middle Pleistocene Acheulean assemblage at Arbo site (Miño River basin, Spain). J Arch Sc Rep 43(2022):103453

    Google Scholar 

  • Moigne AM, Palombo MR, Belda V, Heriech-Briki D, Kacimi S, Lacombat F, de Lumley MA, Moutoussamy J, Rivals F, Quilès J, Testu A (2006) Les faunes de grands mammifères de la Caune de l'Arago (Tautavel) dans le cadre biochronologique des faunes du Pléistocène moyen italien. L'anthropologie 110(5):788–831

  • Moncel M-H, Despriée J, Voinchet P, Tissoux H, Moreno D, Bahain J-J, Courcimault G, Falguères C (2013) Early evidence of Acheulean settlement in north-western Europe - la Noira site, a 700 000 year-old occupation in the Center of France. PloS One 8(11):e75529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moncel M-H, Santagata C, Pereira A, Nomade S, Bahain J-J, Voinchet P, Piperno M (2019) Biface production at Notarchirico (Southern Italy) before 600 ka? Contribution to the earliest evidence of the European Acheuleans. PLoS One 14(9):e0218591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moncel M-H, Santagata C, Pereira A, Nomade S, Voinchet P, Bahain J-J et al (2020) The origin of early Acheulean expansion in Europe 700 ka ago: new findings at Notarchirico (Italy). Nature Sc Rep 10(1):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosquera M, Ollé A, Rodríguez-Álvarez XP, Carbonell E (2018) Shedding light on the Early Pleistocene of TD6 (Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain): the technological sequence and occupational inferences. PloS One 13(1):e0190889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosquera M, Ollé A, Saladié P, Cáceres I, Huguet R, Rosas A, Villalaín J, Carrancho A, Bourlès D, Braucher R, Pineda A, Vallverdú J (2016) The Early Acheulean technology of Barranc de la Boella (Catalonia, Spain). Quat Int 393:95–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosquera M, Saladié P, Ollé A, Cáceres I, Huguet R, Villalaín JJ, Carrancho Á, Bourlès D, Braucher R, Vallverdú J (2015) Barranc de la Boella (Catalonia, Spain): an Acheulean elephant butchering site from the European late Early Pleistocene. J Quat Sci 30:651–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ollé A, Mosquera M, Rodríguez XP, de Lombera-Hermida A, García-Antón MD, García-Medrano P et al (2013) The Early and Middle Pleistocene technological record from Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quat Int 295:138–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen SL, Shipman P (1988) Surface modification on bone: trampling versus butchery. J Arch Scie 15:535–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Organista-Labrado E, Moclán A, Aramendi J, Cobo-Sánchez L, Egeland CP, Uribelarrea D, Martín-Perea D, Vegara-Riquelme M, Hernandez-Vivanco L, Gidna A, Mabula A, Baquedano E, Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2023) A taphonomic analysis of PTK (Bed I, Olduvai Gorge) and its bearing on the interpretation of the dietary and eco-spatial behaviors of early humans. Quat Sc Rev 300:107913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panera J, Rubio S, Yravedra J, Blain HA, Sese C, Pérez-González A (2014) Manzanares Valley (Madrid, Spain): a good country for Proboscideans and Neanderthals. Quat Int 326-327:329–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panera J, Rubio-Jara S, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Yravedra J, Méndez-Quintas E, Pérez-González A, Santonja M (2019) Assessing functionality during the early Acheulean in level TKSF at Thiongo Korongo site (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Quat Int 526:77–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira A (2017) Apport de la datation 40Ar/39Ar à la compréhension de l’évolution culturelle des pré-néandertaliens en Italie centrale et méridionale entre 750 et 250 ka. Phd MNHN, Paris. Ecole Française de Rome and Université de Ferrare, Italie

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira A, Nomade S, Voinchet P, Bahain JJ, Falguères C, Garon H et al (2015) The earliest securely dated hominin fossil in Italy and evidence of Acheulian occupation during glacial MIS 16 at Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy). J Quat Sci 30:639–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peretto C, Amore F, Antoniazzi A, Bahain JJ, Cattani L et al (1998) L’industrie lithique de Ca’Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo: stratigraphie, matière première, typologie, remontages et traces d’utilisation. L’Anthr 102:343–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Peretto C, Arnaud J, Moggi-Cecchi J, Manzi G, Nomade S, Pereira A, Arzarello M (2015) A human deciduous tooth and new 40Ar/39Ar dating results from the Middle Pleistocene archaeological site of Isernia La Pineta, southern Italy. PLoS One 10(10):e0140091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petruso D, Locatelli E, Surdi G, Valle CD, Masini F, Sala B (2011) Phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and extant Microtus (Terricola) (Mammalia, Rodentia) of Sicily and the southern Italian peninsula based on current dentalmorphological data. Quat Int 243:192–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peudon F (2021) Données archéologiques et archéologie des données: palethnologie du gisement acheuléen de Cagny-l’Épinette (Somme, France). Unpublished PHd. University of Lille, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Picin A, Peresani M, Vaquero M (2011) Application of a new typological approach to classifying denticulate and notched tools: the study of two Mousterian lithic assemblages. J of Arch Sc 38(3):711–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineda A, Cáceres I, Saladié P, Huguet R, Morales JI, Rosas A, Vallverdú J (2019) Tumbling effects on bone surface modifications (BSM): an experimental application on archaeological deposits from the Barranc de la Boella site (Tarragona, Spain). J Archaeol Sci 102:35–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineda A, Channarayapatna S, Lembo G, Peretto C, Saladié P, Thun-Hohenstein U (2020) A taphonomic and zooarchaeological study of the early Middle Pleistocene 3 colluvio level from Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Italy). J Arch Scie: Rep 33:102469

    Google Scholar 

  • Pineda A, Saladié P (2022) Beyond the problem of bone surface preservation in taphonomic studies of early and middle pleistocene open-air sites. J Arch Method Theory:1–41

  • Pineda A, Saladié P, Expósito I, Rodríguez-Hidalgo A, Cáceres I, Huguet R, Rosas A, López-Polín L, Estalrrich A, García-Tabernero A, Vallverdú J (2017a) Characterizing hyena coprolites from two latrines of the Iberian Peninsula during the Early Pleistocene: Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos) and la Mina (Barranc de la Boella, Tarragona). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 480:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineda A, Saladié P, Huguet R, Cáceres I, Rosas A, Estalrrich A, García-Tabernero A, Vallverdú J (2017b) Changing competition dynamics among predators at the late Early Pleistocene site Barranc de la Boella (Tarragona, Spain). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 477:10–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineda A, Saladié P, Huguet R, Cáceres I, Rosas A, García-Tabernero A, Estalrrich A, Mosquera M, Ollé A, Vallverdú J (2015) Coexistence among large predators during the Lower Paleolithic at the site of La Mina (Barranc de la Boella, Tarragona, Spain). Quat Int 388:177–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineda A, Saladié P, Vergès JM, Huguet R, Cáceres I, Vallverdú J (2014) Trampling versus cut marks on chemically altered surfaces: an experimental approach and archaeological application at the Barranc de la Boella site (la Canonja, Tarragona, Spain). J Archaeol Sci 50:84–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piperno M, Tagliacozzo A (2001) The elephant butchery area at the middle pleistocene site of Notarchirico, Venosa, Basilicata, Italy. In the world of elephants. Proceedings of the first international congress. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, pp 230–236

  • Piperno M (ed) (1999) Notarchirico. Un sito del Pleistocene medio iniziale nel bacino di Venosa, Edizioni Osanna

    Google Scholar 

  • Pois V (2000) Habitats préhistoriques au Paléolithique inférieur : étude de l’ensemble stratigraphique II de la Caune de l’Arago (Tautavel, Pyrénées-Orientales, France). Approche informatique du mode de vie de l’Homme de Tautavel Quat 11(3-4):187–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope MI (2002) The significance of biface-rich assemblages: An examination of behavioural controls on lithic assemblage formation in the Lower Palaeolithic, Unpublished Phd, University of Southampton

  • Raynal J-P, Lefèvre D, Vernet G, Papy G (1999) Un bassin, un volcan: lithostratigraphie du site acheuleen de Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicate, Italia) In: Notarchirico; Un sito del Pleistocene medio- antico nel bacino di Venosa (Basilicata), Piperno M. (ed.). Ediz. Osanna, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “L. Pigorini”, Roma, pp 175−205

  • Rigaud JP, Simek JF (1991) Interpreting Spatial Patterns at the Grotte XV. In: Kroll EM, Price TD (eds) The interpretation of archaeological spatial patterning. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 199–220

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rineau V, Moncel M-H, Zeitoun V (2022) Revealing evolutionary patterns behind homogeneity: the case of the Palaeolithic assemblages from Notarchirico (Southern Italy). J Archaeol Method Theory https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-022-09558-6

  • Rottländer R (1975) The formation of patina. Archaeometry 17(1):106–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sala B (1986) Bison schoetensacki Freud. From Isernia la Pineta (early Mid-Pleistocene - Italy) and revision of the European species of bison. Palaeontographia Italica 74:113–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Sala B (1999) Nuovi dati sulla microteriofauna di Notarchirico. In: Piperno M (ed) Notarchirico un sito del Pleistocene medio iniziale nel bacino di Venosa, Piperno M. (ed.). Ediz. Osanna, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “L. Pigorini”, Roma, pp 439−441

    Google Scholar 

  • Sala B, Masini F (2007) Late Pliocene and Pleistocene small mammal chronology in the Italian peninsula. Quat Int 160:4–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saladié P, Fernández P, Rodríguez-Hidalgo A, Huguet R, Pineda A, Cáceres I, Carbonell E (2019) The TD6. 3 faunal assemblage of the Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca, Spain): a late Early Pleistocene hyena den. Hist Biol 31(6):665–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Romero L, Benito-Calvo A, Pérez-González A, Santonja M (2016) Assessment of accumulation processes at the Middle Pleistocene site of Ambrona (Soria, Spain). Density and orientation patterns in spatial datasets derived from excavations conducted from the 1960s to the present. Plos One 11(12):e0167595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santagata C, Moncel M-H, Piperno M (2020) Bifaces or not bifaces? Role of traditions and raw materials in the Middle Pleistocene. The example of levels E-E1, B and F (610-670 ka) at Notarchirico (Italy). J Arch Scie Rep 33:102544

    Google Scholar 

  • Santucci E, Marano F, Cerilli E, Fiore I, Lemorini C, Palombo MR, Bulgarelli GM (2016) Palaeoloxodon exploitation at the middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (Rome, Italy). Quat Int 406:169–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sardella R, Palombo MR, Petronio C, Bedetti C, Pavia M (2006) The early Middle Pleistocene large mammal faunas of Italy: an overview. Quat Int 149:104–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea J (1999) Artifact abrasion, fluvial processes, and “living floors” from the Early Paleolithic site of ‘Ubeidiya (Jordan Valley, Israel). Geoarchaeol 14(2):191–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shipman P, Rose JJ (1984) Cutmark mimics on modern and fossil bovid bones. Curr Anthropol 25:116–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorbelli L, Alba DM, Cherin M, Moullé PÉ, Brugal JP, Madurell-Malapeira J (2021) A review on Bison schoetensacki and its closest relatives through the early-Middle Pleistocene transition: insights from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberian Peninsula) and other European localities. Quat Sci Rev 261:106933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strani F, Bellucci L, Iannucci A, Iurino DA, Mecozzi B, Sardella R (2022) Palaeoenvironments of the MIS 15 site of Cava di Breccia - Casal Selce 2 (central Italian Peninsula) and niche occupation of fossil ungulates during Middle Pleistocene interglacials. Hist Biol 34(3):555–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliacozzo A, Cassoli PF, Curci A, Fiore I (1999) Analisi tafonomica dei resti ossei del livello Alfa. In: Notarchirico. Un Sito Del Pleistocene Medio Iniziale Nel Bacino Di Venosa, Edizioni Osanna, pp 455–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Theodoropoulou A (2008) Le denticulé, cet inconnu: les assemblages lithiques à denticulés du Paléolithique moyen en Europe, Unpublished Phd. Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaut C (2007) Le Moustérien à denticulés des années cinquante à nos jours: définitions et caractérisation. Bull de la Soc Préh Fr 104:461–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiry M, Fernandes P, Milnes A, Raynal J-P (2014) Driving forces for the weathering and alteration of silica in the regolith: implications for studies of prehistoric flint tools. Earth Sci Rev 136:141–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thun Hohenstein U, Di NA, Moigne A-M (2009) Mode de vie à Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Italie). Stratégie d’exploitation du Bison schoetensacki par les groupes humains au Paléolithique inférieur. L’Anthr 113:96–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Titton S, Oms O, Barsky D, Bargalló A, Serrano-Ramos A, Solano-García J, Sámchez-Bandera C, Yravedra J, Blain H, Toro-Moyano I, Jiménez-Arenas JM, Sala-Ramos R (2021) Stone knapping and percussive activities on a raw material reservoir deposit 1.4 million years ago at Barranco León (Orce, Spain). Arch Anth Sc 13:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd LC, Frison GC (1986) Taphonomic study of the Colby site mammoth bones. In: The Colby Mammoth Site:Taphonomy and archaeology of a Clovis kill in Northern Wyoming. University of New Mexico Press, pp 27–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Toro-Moyano I, Martinez-Navarro B, Agusti J, Souday C, Bermudez de Castro JM, Martinon-Torres M, Fajardo B, Duval M, Falgueres C, Oms O, Pares JM, Anadon P, Julia R, Garcia-Aguilar JM, Moigne AM, Espigares MP, Ros-Montoya S, Palmqvist P (2013) The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain). J Hum Evol 65(1):1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torre de la I, Albert RM, Arroyo A, Macphail R, McHenry LJ, Mora R, Njau JK, Pante MC, Rivera-Rondon CA, Rodríguez-Cintas A, Stanistreet IG, Stollhofen H, Wehr K (2018b) New excavations at the HWK EE site: archaeology, paleoenvironment and site formation processes during late Oldowan times at Olduvaï Gorge, Tanzania. J Hum Evol 120:140–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torre de la I, McHenry LJ, Njau JK (eds) (2018) Special issue. From the Oldowan to the Acheulean at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). J Hum Evol 120:7–18

  • Torre de la I, Wehr K (2018) Site formation processes of the early Acheulean assemblage at EF-HR (Olduvaï Gorge, Tanzania). J Hum Evol 120:298–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tourloukis V, Thompson N, Panagopoulou E, Giusti D, Konidaris G, Harvati K (2018) Lithic artifacts and bone tools from the Lower Palaeolithic site Marathousa 1, Megalopolis, Greece: preliminary results. Quat Int 497:47–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallin L, Masson B, Caspar JP (2001) Taphonomy at Hermies, France: a Mousterian knapping site in a loessic context. J Field Archaeol 28(3-4):419–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallverdú J, Saladié P, Rosas A, Mosquera M, Huguet R, Cáceres I, García-Tabernero A, Estalrrich A, Lozano-Fernández I, Villalta J, Esteban-Nadal M, Benàssar ML, Pineda-Alcalá A, Carrancho Á, Villalaín JJ, Bourlès D, Braucher R, Lebatard A, Ollé A et al (2014) Age and date for early arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Spain). PLoS One 9:e103634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venditti F, Cistiani E, Nunziante-Cesaro S, Agam A, Lemorini C, Barkai R (2019) Animal residues found on tiny Lower Paleolithic tools reveal their use in butchery. Sc Rep 9(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Villa P, Boschian G, Pollarolo L, Saccà D, Marra F, Nomade S, Pereira A (2021) Elephant bones for the Middle Pleistocene toolmaker. Plos One 16(8):e0256090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villa P, Mahieu E (1991) Breakage patterns of human long bones. J Hum Evol 21:27–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voinchet P, Pereira A, Nomade S, Falguères C, Biddittu I, Piperno M, Moncel M-H, Bahain J-J (2020) ESR dating applied to optically bleached quartz - a comparison with 40Ar/39Ar chronologies on Italian Middle Pleistocene sequences. Quat Int 556:113–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voorhies M (1969) Taphonomy and population dynamics of an early Pliocene vertebrate fauna, Knox County, Nebraska. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology Special Paper, Laramie

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yravedra J, Antonio Solano J, Courtenay LA, Saarinen J, Linares-Matás G, Luzón C, Serrano-Ramos A, Herranz-Rodrigo D, Miguel Cámara J, Ruiz A, Titton S, Rodríguez-Alba JJ, Mielgo C, Blain HA, Agustí J, Sánchez-Bandera C, Montilla E, Toro-Moyano I, Fortelius M et al (2021) Use of meat resources in the Early Pleistocene assemblages from Fuente Nueva 3 (Orce, Granada, Spain). Arch Anth Sc 213(10):1007

    Google Scholar 

  • Yravedra J, Diez-Martín F, Egeland CP, Maté-González MÁ, Palomeque-González JF, Arriaza MC, Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2017a) FLK West (Lower Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): a new early Acheulean site with evidence for human exploitation of fauna. Boreas 46(4):816–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yravedra J, Domínguez Rodrigo M, Santonja M, Pérez González M, Panera J, Rubio-Jara S, Baquedano E (2010) Cut marks on the Middle Pleistocene elephant carcass of Aridos 2 (Madrid, Spain). J Arch Sc 37:2469–2247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yravedra J, Domínguez-rodrigo M, Santonja M, Rubio-Jara S, Panera J, Pérez-González A, Uribelarrea D, Egeland C, Mabulla A, Baquedano E (2016) The large mammal palimpsest from TK (Thiongo korongo), bed II Olduvai Gorge. Tanzania Quat Int 417:3–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yravedra J, Panera J, Rubio-Jara S, Pérez-González A, Gallego N, González I (2019) Middle Pleistocene Human occupation in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula during cold climate conditions: zooarchaeology and taphonomy of ETB-H02 site in the Manzanares valley (Madrid, Spain). Quat Int 520(20):99–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yravedra J, Rubio-Jara S, Panera J, Martos JA (2017b) Hominins and Proboscideans in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Central Iberian Peninsula. Quat Int 520:140–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank R. Gallotti and J-P. Raynal for their advice in the field, and Pierre Voinchet for his help for the map of Europe. Thanks also to Pasquale Acquafredda and Nicola Mongelli for technical support with the SEM analysis. This study benefited from instrumental upgrades of “Potenziamento Strutturale PONa3_00369 - Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, entitled ‘Laboratorio per lo Sviluppo Integrato delle Scienze e delle TEcnologie dei Materiali Avanzati e per dispositivi innovativi (SISTEMA)’”. We thank the Soprintendenza of Basilicata (Italy) for their scientific support, especially Dr. T.E. Cinquantaquattro, Dr. F. Canestrini, Dr. R. Pirraglia, and Dr. S. Mutino. We also thank the Venosa Museum, the city of Venosa and the mayor, Dr. A. Mantrisi and Dr. R. Calabrese for their assistance. Many thanks to the editor and the two anonymous reviewers that enriched the paper by their useful and judicious comments.

Funding

Fieldwork was carried out with the financial and scientific support of the Leakey Foundation (“Early Evidence of Acheulean bifacial technology in Europe” grant, 2015–2016 and 2019–2021), the National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France (ATM Action Transversale du Muséum, 2016–2018), and the ERC-Adv. LATEUROPE n°101052653.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UMR 7194 HNHP (MNHN-CNRS-UPVD), Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

    Marie-Hélène Moncel, Camille Daujeard & Antonio Pineda

  2. LTFAPA Laboratory, Department of Science of Antiquities, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Cristina Lemorini

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy

    Giacomo Eramo & Giovanna Fioretti

  4. Department of History and Cultures, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Antonio Curci

  5. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Archaeology, Warsaw, Poland

    Claudio Berto

  6. Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA

    Bruce Hardy

  7. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona, Spain

    Antonio Pineda

  8. UMR 7207-CR2P (MNHN, CNRS-Sorbonne Université), Centre de recherche en Paleontologie, Paris, France

    Valentin Rineau

  9. Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Marco Carpentieri & Marta Arzarello

  10. University of Ferrara, Sistema Museale di Ateneo, Museo di Paleontologia e Preistoria Piero Leonardi, Ferrara, Italy

    Benedetto Sala

  11. Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Beniamino Mecozzi, Alessio Iannucci & Rafaelle Sardella

  12. Museo archeologico “Biagio Greco”, Mondragone, Italy

    Marcello Piperno

Authors
  1. Marie-Hélène Moncel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cristina Lemorini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giacomo Eramo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Giovanna Fioretti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Camille Daujeard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Antonio Curci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Claudio Berto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Bruce Hardy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Antonio Pineda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Valentin Rineau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Marco Carpentieri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Benedetto Sala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Marta Arzarello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Beniamino Mecozzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Alessio Iannucci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Rafaelle Sardella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Marcello Piperno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MHM, conceptualization of the paper. MHM, CL, GE, GF, CD, AC, CB, BH, AP, VR, MC, BS, MA, BM, AI, and RS wrote the manuscript. MHM, CL, GE CB, AP, and VR prepare the figures. MHM, AP, MC, BM, and AI made the fieldworks. CD, AC, CB, AP, BM, IA, BS, and RS worked on the faunal material. GE and GF worked on the raw materials. CL made the micro-wear analyses. MHM, MC, and MA worked on the lithic assemblages. VR made the spatial distribution maps. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marie-Hélène Moncel.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable

Consent to participate

The authors consent to participate and the material is owned by the authors.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Prof. Marcello Piperno is deceased.

Supplementary information

ESM 1

(PDF 2079 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Moncel, MH., Lemorini, C., Eramo, G. et al. A taphonomic and spatial distribution study of the new levels of the middle Pleistocene site of Notarchirico (670–695 ka, Venosa, Basilicata, Italy). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 15, 106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01809-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01809-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation