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Phytolith evidence for early agriculture in the East Liao River Basin, Northeast China

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Abstract

We present the results of the analysis of phytoliths, grain size and organic matter content (LOI550℃), and AMS 14C dating of sedimentary profiles and individual archaeological samples from the Changshan site in Jilin Province, Northeast (NE) China. Our aim was to elucidate the origins of agriculture in the East Liao River Basin. The results indicate that there were two intervals during which prehistoric culture flourished at the Changshan site: ~ 6,500–5,600 cal years BP in the Neolithic, and ~ 3,700–2,750 cal years BP in the Bronze Age. Abundant η-type husk phytoliths from common millet and a few Ω-type husk phytoliths from foxtail millet found at the Changshan site provide direct evidence for prehistoric agriculture during these two periods. Prehistoric agriculture was practiced together with hunting and fishing, which were part of a multi-subsistence strategy. The relatively warm and wet climate during ~ 6,500–5,600 cal years BP and ~ 3,700–2,750 cal years BP promoted the prosperity of the local culture, together with cultural interchange, and the climatic conditions also encouraged the dispersal of early agriculture in the East Liao River Basin. In addition, archaeological excavations have shown that there was frequent interchange and interaction among prehistoric cultures in NE China, and we hypothesize that the Liao River Basin was the main routeway for cultural interchange and the dispersal of prehistoric agriculture in NE China.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous referees and the editor and Dr. Jan Bloemendal for their comments and suggestions that helped improve the manuscript, and Hainan Wang for his help in collecting samples. We also thank Yue Tang, Nannan Li, Dehui Li and Guihua Zhang for their help in the experimental operation.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (award 20180101088JC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (award 41771214,41971100).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China

    Jiangyong Wang, Ying Liu, Honghao Niu, Guizai Gao, Meng Meng & Dongmei Jie

  2. School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China

    Jiangyong Wang, Ying Liu, Honghao Niu, Guizai Gao, Meng Meng & Dongmei Jie

  3. Institute for Peat and Mire Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China

    Jiangyong Wang, Ying Liu, Honghao Niu, Guizai Gao, Meng Meng & Dongmei Jie

  4. School of History and Culture, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China

    Linan Sun & Jiaxin Fu

  5. School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China

    Qi Fang & Xiangmei Kong

  6. Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China

    Qi Fang

  7. School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China

    Baojian Liu

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Wang, J., Sun, L., Fang, Q. et al. Phytolith evidence for early agriculture in the East Liao River Basin, Northeast China. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 13, 156 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01422-0

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