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Understanding Neanderthal technological adaptation at Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter (Spain) by measuring lithic raw materials performance variability

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Abstract

Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter is an Upper Pleistocene archaeological site in the Lozoya River Valley (Madrid, Spain) with a quartz-based Mousterian lithic assemblage. To understand the reasons behind an intense use of quartz over flint and quartzite, a mechanical experiment was carried out. Flakes from flint, quartzite, and local quartz were tested under controlled conditions and quantifiable variables. The mechanical action consisted in a standardised linear repetitive cutting protocol over antler and pine wood. Results allowed to differentiate flake resistance between raw materials through mass and edge angle material loss statistics. Results also showed that the edges produced on flint are sharper allowing to create deeper cuts, but the thin working edges break more easily meaning that they would need a higher maintenance by retouch. Quartzite and quartz have similar performances, but quartzite suffers a more intense modification of the edge angle, while quartz edges present a higher endurance. When compared with flint, quartzite and quartz are more suitable for those tasks where heavier force is applied. Based on that, we concluded that there was no functional disadvantage in using a quartz-based toolkit. Therefore, the quartz assemblages recovered throughout the sequence of Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter show that it was intensely explored not just because of its availability in the landscape but also for its suitability to the development of the different activities taking place at Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter such as big sized herbivore butchering, for a long time span.

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Acknowledgements

We also thank Professor Nuno Bicho for advising Ana Abrunhosa. Finally, we thank Pinilla del Valle Team for their support, Alfonso Dávila Lucio for the photographs and David M. Martín-Perea for the help during survey.

Funding

This research was conducted with the support of a doctoral grant (SFRH/BD/110511/2015) funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT - Portuguese Science Foundation) and a Dissertation Fieldwork Grant funded by Wenner-Gren Foundation for the Project “Raw Material Procurement Strategies from Pinilla del Valle’s Neanderthals” both to Ana Abrunhosa. Telmo Pereira research is funded by Programa Investigador FCT (IF/01075/2013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICArEHB - Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour, Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Ana Abrunhosa & Telmo Pereira

  2. MAR - Museo Arqueológico Regional, Plaza de las Bernardas s/n. 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

    Ana Abrunhosa, Belén Márquez & Enrique Baquedano

  3. I.D.E.A. – Institute of Evolution in Africa, C/ Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain

    Enrique Baquedano

  4. Paleontology Departament, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José António Novais 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Juan Luis Arsuaga

  5. Centro Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Investigación sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029, Madrid, Spain

    Juan Luis Arsuaga

  6. El Hombre y el Medio, C/ Santo Tomás de Aquino 21, 28982, Madrid, Spain

    Alfredo Pérez-González

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  1. Ana Abrunhosa
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Correspondence to Ana Abrunhosa.

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Abrunhosa, A., Pereira, T., Márquez, B. et al. Understanding Neanderthal technological adaptation at Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter (Spain) by measuring lithic raw materials performance variability. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 5949–5962 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00826-3

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