Enzootic diseases and extinction of mammoths as a reflection of deep geochemical changes in ecosystems of Northern Eurasia

Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences volume 7, pages297–317(2015)Cite this article

Abstract

The results of investigations performed on more than 23,500 mammoth bones and teeth in Northern Eurasia from 2003 to 2013 with the aim of revealing traces of enzootic diseases are presented here. The study focused on the Late Pleistocene “beast solonetz” sites (i.e. mineral licks/oases) of Western Siberia: Shestakovo-Kochegur (25.9–17.8 ka BP) in the Kemerovo region, Volchia Griva (17.8–11 ka BP) in the Novosibirsk region and Lugovskoye (16.5–10 ka BP) nearby Khanty-Mansiysk. Additional sites studies included sites (30–10 ka BP) from other regions of Northern Eurasia also with mass mammoth remains (Gari, Berelyokh, Krasnoyarskaya Kurya, Kraków Spadzista Street, Předmostí, Dolní Věstonice, Milovice and others). The results suggest that just at the end of the Pleistocene, large herbivorous mammals experienced a powerful geochemical stress which would manifest as mass destructive changes of bones due to enzootic diseases caused by mineral deficiency. Remains characterized by destructive changes are common and prevalent in all collections. Maximum damage was discovered in the bones and teeth of Mammuthus primigenius Blum. The most typical signs of osteodystrophy were osteoporosis, osteofibrosis, osteomalacia, osteolysis, cartilage atrophy, exostoses and fractures, resulting in the formation of false joints, ulcers and friction grooves on articular surfaces. The results of the paleoecological analysis suggest that the larger part of Northern Eurasia at the end of Pleistocene was extremely unfavourable for the existence of megafauna. The disruption of the abiotic relationships caused by the cardinal transformation of geochemical landscapes could have become the main reason for the wide-spread enzootia and, finally, the extinction of the mammoth.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Paleontological and recent materials described in this paper are stored in the Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russia), Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) (Novosibirsk, Russia), the Museum of Nature and Man (Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia), Zoological Institute RAS (St. Petersburg, Russia), Institute of Ecology of Plants and Animals, Ural Branch (UrB) RAS (Yekaterinburg, Russia), the Nizhniy Tagil State Social-and-Pedagogical Academy (Nizhniy Tagil, Russia), Paleontological Institute RAS (Moscow, Russia), the Vernadsky State Geological Museum RAS (Moscow, Russia), Kolyvan' Museum of Regional Studies (Kolyvan', Russia), Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) (Kraków, Poland), University of Wrocław (Wrocław, Poland) and the Moravské Zemské Muzeum (Brno and Budišov, Czech Republic).

  2. 2.

    In this paper the indicated destructions are combined into one group of benign tumours because they have identical histological structure, differing only in secondary signs. There is still no common consensus on the value of their diagnostics and etiology. A typical (stable) osteoid-osteoma reaches a size of 3 cm and has a clear zone of peripherical osteosclerosis, whereas a typical (progressing) osteoblastoma reaches a size of >3 cm without the corresponding zone. The diagnostics of intermediate forms is rather complicated (Zatsepin 2001; Egorenkov 2010). The identification of malignant tumours is problematic in the fossil materials, but they are unlikely to account for a considerable proportion of the detected pathological changes. The same is true of abscesses, tuberculosis and other destructions with a similar pathological picture.

  3. 3.

    There is a mistake in the article Paleoecological investigation of mammoth remains from the  Kraków Spadzista Street (B) site (Leshchinskiy 2012) which says that more than 7,500 remains were discovered from 70 mammoths

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to A.P. Derevyanko, V.N. Zenin, A. Nadachowski, P. Wojtal, G.F. Baryshnikov, A.N. Tikhonov, E.M. Burkanova, L.V. Stepanova, Yu.B. Serikov, P.A. Kosintsev, E.N. Maschenko, A.K. Agadzhanian, K. Stefaniak, P. Socha, A. Krzemińska, M. Oliva, M. Roblíčková, O.V. Bukharova and L.L. Petrova for providing me with the opportunity to analyze the collections and for their assistance.

The study was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Projects 09-04-00663, 11-04-10105 and 12-04-00377), Grant of the President of Russian Federation (MK-3291.2004.5), Tomsk State University Innovative Education Program (2006, 2011), Tomsk State University Competitiveness Improvement Program (2014), Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences (2006–2007), Museum of Nature and Man (Khanty-Mansiysk) and my private assets.

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  1. Laboratory of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Continental Ecosystems, Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia

    Sergey Leshchinskiy

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Leshchinskiy, S. Enzootic diseases and extinction of mammoths as a reflection of deep geochemical changes in ecosystems of Northern Eurasia. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 7, 297–317 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-014-0205-4

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Keywords

  • Mammoth extinction
  • Enzootic diseases
  • Geochemical landscapes
  • Paleoecological analysis
  • Northern Eurasia