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Toward a better understanding of type I interferonopathies: a brief summary, update and beyond

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Abstract

Backgrounds

Type I interferonopathy is a group of autoinflammatory disorders associated with prominent enhanced type I interferon signaling. The mechanisms are complex, and the clinical phenotypes are diverse. This review briefly summarized the recent progresses of type I interferonopathy focusing on the clinical and molecular features, pathogeneses, diagnoses and potential therapies.

Data sources

Original research articles and literature reviews published in PubMed-indexed journals.

Results

Type I interferonopathies include Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, spondyloenchondro-dysplasia with immune dysregulation, stimulator of interferon genes-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy, X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 deficiency, chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatitis with lipodystrophy, and Singleton-Merten syndrome originally. Other disorders including interferon-stimulated gene 15 deficiency and DNAse II deficiency are believed to be interferonopathies as well. Intracranial calcification, skin vasculopathy, interstitial lung disease, failure to thrive, skeletal development problems and autoimmune features are common. Abnormal responses to nucleic acid stimuli and defective regulation of protein degradation are main mechanisms in disease pathogenesis. First generation Janus kinase inhibitors including baricitinib, tofacitinib and ruxolitinib are useful for disease control. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors seem to be another option for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome.

Conclusions

Tremendous progress has been made for the discovery of type I interferonopathies and responsible genes. Janus kinase inhibitors and other agents have potential therapeutic roles. Future basic, translational and clinical studies towards disease monitoring and powerful therapies are warranted.

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Funding

This study was supported by funds from Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of China (201402012), CAMS Central Public Welfare Scientific Research Institute Basal Research Expenses to HW (2016ZX310182-1), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2016-I2M-1-008) and The Capital Health Research and Development of Special (2016-2-40114).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Zhong-Xun Yu & Hong-Mei Song

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ZXY contributed to the methodology and writing of the original draft. HMS contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing of the original draft, editing, funding acquisition, and supervision. Both authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hong-Mei Song.

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Yu, ZX., Song, HM. Toward a better understanding of type I interferonopathies: a brief summary, update and beyond. World J Pediatr 16, 44–51 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-019-00273-z

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