Abstract
Looking at land use and functional structure characteristics, floods in urban environment are costlier and difficult to manage than in rural environment. In India, flooding is an inevitable problem for several cities. In the state of Haryana, Ambala City has a long history of serious flooding problem. Based on primary as well as secondary data, the present study attempts to examine the natural and anthropogenic causes of flooding on catchment and city scale. Geographic Information System (GIS)-based flood-risk modeling and consequences of flooding are presented for the selected most critical zone. Based on the past 21-year maximum discharge data of the Tangri River, flood probability is calculated for a 2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year return period using Weibull’s plotting position formula, and the likely maximum discharge of 500, 1000, 1200, and 1500 m3, respectively, is used for the prediction of flood extent using Hydraulic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software. Flood depth is calculated by employing spatial interpolation method using observed flood depth samples. Model result revealed that the flood inundation areas are 690, 1135, 1530, and 2300 ha, respectively, and accordingly likely impact on land use and population are assessed. The modeled 5-year return flood extents were validated using the observed data of the latest flood event in July 2010, including remote sensing imagery and field survey. Hence, in order to mitigate adverse impact of flooding in urban environment, such output can be used by urban local bodies, town planners, and policy makers to support decision-making in risk-sensitive land use planning by integrating climate change scenarios.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamowski K (1981) Plotting formaula for flood frequency. Water Resour Bull 17(2):197–202
Ahlawat J, Bansal R (2010) A report on floods management and drainage system in Haryana. Irrigation and Water Resources Department Haryana. http://hid.gov.in/Docs/Paper%20on%20Floods.pdf. Accessed 05 May 2012
Aldridge BN, Garrett JM (1973) Roughness coefficients for stream channels in Arizona: U.S Geological Survey Open-File Report, p 87
Alexander D (1991) Natural disasters: a framework for research and teaching. Disasters 15(3):209–226
Ambala Municipal Corporation (2012), Directorate of Urban Local Bodies Department, Government of Haryana. http://www.mcambala.gov.in/maps.aspx. Accessed 12 March 2012
Ambala District Disaster Management Plan (2012) Department of Revenue and Disaster, Government of Haryana
Ambala District Disaster Management Plan (2015) Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Government of Haryana
Aphrodite N (2010) Hydrological assessment and modelling of the river Fani Catchment, Albania. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Advanced Technology, University of Glamorgan, Wales, UK
Arora VK, Seglenisks F, Kouwen N, Soulis E (2001) Scaling aspects of river flow routing. Hydrologic Process 15(3):461–477
Barnes HH (1967) Roughness characteristics of natural channels: U.S Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper (1849):213
Brun SE, Band LE (2000) Simulating runoff behavior in an urbanizing watershed. Comput, Environ Urban Syst 24:5.22
Buchele B, Kreibich H, Kron A, Thieken A, Ihringer J, Oberle P, Merz B, Nestmann F (2006) Flood-risk mapping: contributions towards an enhanced assessment of extreme events and associated risks. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 6:485–503
Carter RW, Einstein HA, Hinds Julian, Powel RW, Silberman E (1963) Friction factors in open channels, progress report of the task force on friction factors in open channels of the Committee on Hydro-mechanics of the Hydraulic Division: Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers. J Hydraul Div 89:97–143
Casas A, Benito G, Thorndycraft V, Rico M (2006) The topographic data source of digital terrain models as a key element in the accuracy of hydraulic flood modelling. Earth Surf Process Landf 31:444–456
Census of India (2011) Primary census abstract, the registrar general & census commissioner, ministry of home affairs, Government of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/pca.aspx. Accessed 12 March 2015
Chow VT (1959) Open channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, New York
Cowan WL (1956) Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients: Agriculture Engineering 37(7):473–475
Crichton D (1999) The risk triangle. In: Ingleton J (ed) Natural disaster management. Tudor Rose, London, pp. 102–103
Dempster GR (1974) Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas, metropolitan area: US Geol. Survey Water Resour Inv: 60–73
DHI (2009) MIKE 11, A modeling system for rivers and channels, reference manual, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Denmark
ESRI (2005) Arc Hydro Tools version 1.1, ESRI 380, New York St., Redlands, CA 92373-8100, USA
FAO (1990) Guidelines for soil profile description. Third edition (revised), soil resources, management and conservation service. Land and Water Development Division, FAO, Rome
Google Earth 6.1.0.5001 (2001, 2010, 2012, 2013) 30°18'0.37"N- 30°43'18.28"N to 76°45'00"E- 76°45'00"E-76°10'00"E, Historical imagery layer. https://www.google.com/earth/
HARSAC (1997) Ghaggar watershed management using remote sensing data. A technical report by Haryana State Remote Application Centre, HARSAC/TR/07/97
HEC-RAS v4.1 (2010) HEC-RAS v4.1 User Manual, US Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), 609 Second Street, Davis, CA 95616-4687
Helm P (1996) Integrated risk management for natural and technological disasters. Tephra 15(1):4–13
Hirabayashi Y, Kanae S, Emori S, Kimoto M (2008) Global projections of changing risk of floods and droughts in a changing climate. Hydrol Sci J 53(4):754–773
Hossain AKMA, Jia Y, Chao X (2009) Estimation of manning’s roughness coefficient distribution for hydrodynamic model using remotely sensed land cover features. Geoinformatics. 635–638. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Investment%20Climate.pdf. Accessed 30 May 2016
Investment Climate (2010) A report on northern states of India by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
IPCC (2007) Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Irrigation Department Ambala (2012) SYL Water Service Circle Ambala, Irrigation and Water Resources Department, Government of Haryana
Islam MM, Sado K (2000) Development of flood hazard maps of Bangladesh using NOAA-AVHRR images with GIS. Hydrologic Sci-J-des Sci Hydrol 45(3):337–355
Jah A, Bloch R, Lamond J (2011) Cities and flooding, a guide to integrated urban flood risk management for the 21st century, pp. 199–202
Johnson SL, Sayre DM (1973) Effects of urbanization on floods in the Houston, Texas metropolitan area: U.S. Geol. Survey Water Resour Inv: 3–73
Kates RW, Wilbanks TJ (2003) Making the global local: responding to climate change concerns from the ground. Environment 45(3):12–23
Khan SA (2007) Central Water Ground Board. Ground water information booklet-Ambala district, pp. 3–6
Kron W (2005) Flood risk = hazard—values—vulnerability. Water Int 30:58–68
Kumar R, Singh RD, Sharma KD (2005) Water resources of India. Curr Sci 89(5):800–801
Kute S, Kakad S, Bhoye V, Walunj A (2014) Flood modeling of river Godavari using HEC-RAS. Int J Res Eng Technol 3:81–87
Lumbroso D, Gaume E (2012) Reducing the uncertainty in indirect estimates of extreme flash flood discharges. J Hydrol (414–415) 16–30
Mason DC, Cobby DM, Horritt MS, Bates PD (2003) Floodplain friction parameterization in twodimensional river flood models using vegetation heights derived from airborne scanning laser altimetry. Hydrol Process 17:1711–1732
Mirza MMQ (2002) Global warming and changes in the probability of occurrence of floods in Bangladesh and implications. Global Environ Change 12:127–138
National Disaster Management Guidelines (2010) Management of urban flooding. A Publication of the National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India. http://www.ndma.gov.in/images/guidelines/management_urban_flooding.pdf. Accessed on 07 August 2015
National Remote Sensing Centre Hyderabad India (2013) Digital elevation model (30 m resolution) Cartosat-1 satellite. http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/data/download/index.php. Accessed 28 August 2013
Pappenberger F, Beven K, Horritt M, Blazkova S (2005) Uncertainty in the calibration of effective roughness parameters in HEC-RAS using inundation and downstream level observations. J Hydrol 302(1–4):46–69
Patil A (2015) Urban hydrology, need of India. Environ We Int J Sci Technol 10:29–36
Patro S, Chatterjee C, Singh R, Raghuwanshi NS (2009) Hydrodynamic modelling of a large flood-prone river system in India with limited data. Hydrol Process 23:2774–2791
Purba GS, Chakravorty B, Singh MK (2006) Identification of flood affected areas—need for a scientific approach. Working Group for Flood Control Programme for Xth Plan. http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/proceedings/flood/b2%20-%2022.pdf. Accessed 09 July 2015
Ree WO (1954) Handbook of channel design for soil and water conservation: Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, SCS-TP-61, p 11
Salimi S, Ghanbarpour MZ, Solaimani K, Ahmadi MZ (2008) Flood plain mapping using hydraulic simulation model in GIS. J Appl Sci 8(4):660–665
Singh G, Babu R, Narain P, Bushan LS, Abrol IP (1992) Soil erosion rates in India. J Soil Water Conserv 47:97–99
Skymet Weather Report (2015). Rain wreaks havoc in coastal districts. http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/tamil-nadu-and-chennai-weather-update. Accessed 26 November 2015
Smith K (1996) Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster, 2nd edn. Routledge, New York, USA
Stenchion P (1997) Development and disaster management. Austral J Emerg Manag Spring 12(3):40–44
Straatsma MW, Bapist MJ (2008) Floodplain roughness parameterization using airborne laser scanning and spectral remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ 112:1062–1080
Subramanya K (2013) Engineering hydrology, 4th edn. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
Syme WJ (2008) Flooding in Urban Areas-2D modeling approach for building and fences. Engineers Australia, 9th National Conference on hydraulic in water engineering, Darwin Convention Centre, Australia 23–26
Tate E (1999) Introduction to HEC-RAS. Center for Research in Water Resources. http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/grad/tate/research/RASExercise/webfiles/hecras.html#hydraulics. Accessed 13 August 2015
The Tribune (2007) Poor drainage to cause flooding again Punjab, Rajasthan generous with excess water. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070629/harplus1.htm. Accessed 06 July 2014
The Tribune (2015) Why Chennai is going under. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/why-chennai-is-going-under/165721.html. Accessed 05 December 2015
TM Landsat-5 (2010) NASA Landsat Program, Path/Row: 147/39, Scene ID: L5147039_03920100715, Acquisition Date: Jul 15, 2010. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/. Accessed 03 August 2012
Toutain O, Gopiprasad S (2006) Planning for urban infrastructure. India infrastructure report 2006. http://www.iitk.ac.in/3inetwork/html/reports/IIR2006/Planning_for_Urban.pdf. Accessed 05 May 2015
Town and Country Planning Department Haryana (2012) Development plans and notifications. http://tcpharyana.gov.in/. Accessed 16 August 2013
Tralli DM, Blom RG, Zlotnicki V, Donnellan A, Evans DL (2005) Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 59:185–198
UN DHA (1992) Internationally agreed glossary of basic terms related to disaster management. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (UN DHA), Geneva
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2009). http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/9413. Accessed 07 August 2015
USACE (2002) HEC-GeoRAS software, U.S Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers U.S., Institute for Water Resources, Hydrologic Engineering Center, 609 Second Street, Davis, CA. http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/documentation/HEC-RAS_4.1_Reference_Manual.pdf. Accessed 07 August 2014
Van Aalast MK (2006) The impact of climate change on the risk of natural disasters. Disasters 30(1):5–18
Weber A (2014) Within the edge: a revised approach to urban containment within the Chandigarh Periphery. Dissertation, College of Built Environments, University of Washington
Whitfield PH (2012) Floods in future climates: a review. J Flood Risk Manag 5(4):336–365
Wright NG, Villanueva PD, Bates DC, Mason MD, Pender WG, Neelz S (2008) Case study of the use of Remotely Sensed data for modeling flood inundation on the river Severn, UK. J Hydraul Eng ASCE 134(5):533–540
Acknowledgments
This paper is part of a PhD research thesis on the topic “Risk and Vulnerability Assessment of Flood Hazard in Ghaggar River Basin,” started in June 2010. Authors acknowledged the University Grant Commission (UGC), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, for financial support in carrying out the said work under major research project scheme recommended in January 2012. Authors are also grateful to the Municipal Corporation Ambala, Irrigation Department and Water Data Collection Division, Karnal, Government of Haryana for providing the necessary data. Authors also thank intermittent helpful discussions and technical supports provided by the faculty of the Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saini, S.S., Kaushik, S.P. & Jangra, R. Flood-risk assessment in urban environment by geospatial approach: a case study of Ambala City, India. Appl Geomat 8, 163–190 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-016-0174-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-016-0174-7