Abstract
Due to the increasing growth of industrialization and transportation, fuel consumption of fossil fuel as the main energy source is increasing exponentially which is undoubtedly crucial for world growth; however, exhaust emissions are hampering the environmental health to a large extent. Efforts have been undertaken in recent years to minimize harmful emissions from diesel engines by exploring alternative fuels. This study aims to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine in dual fuel mode using Karanja oil biodiesel/diesel in various proportions along with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) that is supplied as a secondary fuel. The effect of different fractions of biodiesel to LPG on emission and performance of an engine at different loads is studied. The performance characteristics like specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency are analyzed. Various exhaust emissions like of carbon dioxides, carbon monoxides, and nitrogen oxides are calculated at different LPG fractions and blends. Response surface methodology (RSM)–based multi-objective optimization technique is used to optimize the engine performance and emission characteristics and is validated with an experimental data. Optimized values like brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) were 23.2962%, 0.294243 g/kWh, 384.121 ppm, 22.0585 ppm, and 0.0295123%, respectively. Consequently, this study recommends to keep inputs, load (%), LPG (%R), and biodiesel (%Vol) near to 53.84, 18.99, and 20 respectively to get best and optimized results.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anye Ngang E, Ngayihi Abbe CV (2018) Experimental and numerical analysis of the performance of a diesel engine retrofitted to use LPG as secondary fuel. Appl Therm Eng 136:462–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.03.022
Arcoumanis C, Bae C, Crookes R, Kinoshita E (2008) The potential of di-methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines: A review. Fuel 87(7):1014–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.007
Atmanli A, Yüksel B, Ileri E, Deniz Karaoglan A (2015) Response surface methodology-based optimization of diesel-n-butanol -cotton oil ternary blend ratios to improve engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics. Energy Convers Manag 90:383–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.029
Bari S (1996) Effect of carbon dioxide on the performance of biogas/diesel duel-fuel engine. Renew Energy 9(1–4):1007–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(96)88450-3
Bhatt AN, Shrivastava N (2021) Application of Artificial Neural Network for Internal Combustion Engines: A State-of-the-Art Review. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering. Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-021-09596-5
Chow JC (2001) Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 51(9):1258–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2001.10464354
Fukuda H, Kondo A, Noda H (2001) Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J Biosci Bioeng 92(5):405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723(01)80288-7
Guan C, Cheung CS, Ning Z, Wong PK, Huang Z (2017) Comparison on the effect of using diesel fuel and waste cooking oil biodiesel as pilot fuels on the combustion, performance and emissions of a LPG-fumigated compression-ignition engine. Appl Therm Eng 125:1260–1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.117
Liu J, Yang F, Wang H, Ouyang M, Hao S (2013) Effects of pilot fuel quantity on the emissions characteristics of a CNG/diesel dual fuel engine with optimized pilot injection timing. Appl Energy 110:201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.024
Luft S (2001) "The Influence of Regulating Parameters of Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with LPG on its Maximum Torque, Overall Efficiency and Emission," SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3264. https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3264
Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 70(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
Papagiannakis RG, Hountalas DT (2003) Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentage on performance and emissions of a DI dual fuel diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng 23(3):353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00187-4
Patel RL, Sankhavara CD (2017) Biodiesel production from Karanja oil and its use in diesel engine: A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 71:464–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.075
Peterson CL (1986) Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Fuel: Status and Research Priorities. Transactions of the ASAE 29(5):1413–1422. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.30330
Sahoo BB, Sahoo N, Saha UK (2009) Effect of engine parameters and type of gaseous fuel on the performance of dual-fuel gas diesel engines-A critical review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(6–7):1151–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.08.003
Salvi BL, Panwar NL (2012) Biodiesel resources and production technologies - A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16(6):3680–3689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.050
Santhoshkumar A, Zahir Hussain A, Ramanathan A (2019) An experimental investigation of the effect of liquified petroleum gas addition on dual fuel diesel engine fuelled with pyrolysis waste engine oil. Materials Today: Proceedings 46:9800–9808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.881
Saravanan N, Nagarajan G, Sanjay G, Dhanasekaran C, Kalaiselvan KM (2008) Combustion analysis on a DI diesel engine with hydrogen in dual fuel mode. Fuel 87(17–18):3591–3599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.011
Selim MYE (2004) Sensitivity of dual fuel engine combustion and knocking limits to gaseous fuel composition. Energy Convers Manag 45(3):411–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(03)00150-X
Zulqarnain Ayoub M, Yusoff MH, Nazir MH, Zahid I, Ameen M, Sher F, Floresyona D, Budi Nursanto E (2021) A comprehensive review on oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies. Sustainability (Switzerland) 13(2):1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020788
Islam AKMA, Primandari SRP, Yaakob Z (2018) Non-Edible Vegetable Oils as Renewable Resources for Biodiesel Production: South-East Asia Perspective. Advances in Biofuels and Bioenergy. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73304
Raman R, Kumar N (2022) Comparative assessment of di-ethyl ether/diesel blends on the performance, and emission characteristics in acetylene dual fuel engine. International Journal of Engine Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874221132325
Thangavel V, Subramanian B, Ponnusamy VK (2022) Investigations on the effect of H2 and HHO gas induction on brake thermal efficiency of dual-fuel CI engine. Fuel 126888. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2022.126888
Yessian S, Varthanan PA (2020) Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Coated IC Engine with Biodiesel Using Grey-Taguchi Method. Sci Rep 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57129-9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Sheel Bhadra: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, project administration, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, and validation. Hansham Dewal: investigation, methodology, visualization, writing-original draft, and software. Naveen Kumar: resources, writing-review and editing, and supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Santanu Banerjee
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bhadra, S., Dewal, H. & Kumar, N. Performance and emission characteristics analysis of LPG-Karanja biodiesel on CI engine with optimization. Arab J Geosci 16, 204 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11299-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11299-z