Abstract
Considering the changing characteristics of the mechanical properties of rock-soil with depth, it is assumed that the shear stiffness and ultimate shear stress of the rock-soil around the vertical grouting anchor increase exponentially with depth. At the same time, based on the assumption that the shear stiffness in the plastic deformation zone decreases exponentially from the depth of the plastic deformation zone to the top of the anchor, the pull-out mechanical behavior of the vertical grouting anchor is theoretically analyzed. Through engineering case analysis, the rationality and accuracy of the hypothetical model in this paper are verified. And on this basis, the influence of the depth variation coefficient on the shear stress distribution of the anchor was further analyzed. The results of the study show some of the following conclusions. (i) If the mechanical properties of the rock-soil around the anchor increase with depth are not considered, the ultimate pull-out force of the anchor may be underestimated, resulting in unnecessary waste; (ii) the depth variation coefficient has a great influence on the shear stress distribution form of the anchor; (iii) considering the characteristics of the mechanical properties of rock-soil as the depth increases is beneficial to improve the working behavior of the anchor, and can more truly reflect the load transfer process of the anchor. Reasonable consideration should be given in the design and calculation of the vertical grouted anchor.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Aydan O, Ichikawa Y, Kawamoto T (1985) Load bearing capacity and stress distributions in along rockbolts with inelastic behaviour of interfaces. Proceeding of 5th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechnic, Nagoya, Japan, 1281–1291
Cai Y, Esakia T, Jiang YJ (2004) A rock bolt and rock mass interaction model. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 41:1055–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.04.005
Chen J, Liu P, Zhao H, Zhang C, Zhang J (2021) Analytical studying the axial performance of fully encapsulated rock bolts. Eng Fail Anal 128:105580. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFAILANAL.2021.105580
Clough GW, Duncan JM (1971) Finite element analysis of retaining wall behavior. J Soil Mech Found Div (ASCE) 97(12):1657–1673. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001713
Evangelista A, Sapio G (1977) Behaviour of ground anchors in stiff clays. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 39–47
Farmer IW (1975) Stress distribution along a resin grouted rock anchor. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 12(11):347–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(75)90168-0
Fujita K (1977) A method to predict the load-displacement relationship of ground anchors. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 58–62
Gibson RE (1967) Some results concerning displacements and stresses in a non-homogeneous elastic half-space. Geotechnique 17:58–67. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.1.58
Guo WD (2000) Vertically loaded single piles in Gibson soil. J Geotech Geoenviron 126(2):189–193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:2(189)
Guo WD, Randolph MF (1997) Vertically loaded piles in non-homogeneous media. Int J Numer Anal Met 21(8):507–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199708)21:8%3c507::AID-NAG888%3e3.0.CO;2-V
Hyett AJ, Bawden WF, Relchert RD (1992) The effect of rock mass confinement on the bond strength of fully grouted cable bolts. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 29(5):503–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(92)92634-O
Li C, Stillborg B (1999) Analytical models for rock bolts. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 36:1013–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(99)00064-7
Li D, Cai M, Masoumi H (2021) A constitutive model for modified cable bolts exhibiting cone shaped failure mode. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 145:104855. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJRMMS.2021.104855
Ma SQ, Nemcik J, Aziz N (2013) An analytical model of fully grouted rock bolts subjected to tensile load. Constr Build Mater 49:519–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.084
Malvar LJ (1992) Bond reinforcement under controlled confinement. ACI Mater J 89(6):593–601
Moosavi M, Khosravi A, Jafari A (2001) A laboratory study of bond failure mechanism in deformed rock bolts using a modified Hoek cell. Proceedings of the 2001 ISRM International Symposium-Second Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium (ISRM 2001–2nd ARMS) 239–242
Ostermayer H, Scheele F (1977) Research on ground anchors in non-cohesive soils. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Tokyo, Japan, 92–97
Pinazzi PC, Spearing AJ, Jessu KV, Singh PN, Hawker RS (2020) Mechanical performance of rock bolts under combined load conditions. Int J Min Sci Technol 30:167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2020.01.004
Phillips SHE (1970) Factors affecting the design of anchorages in rock. Cementation Research Ltd, London
Pytel W, Mertuszka P, Fuławka K, Lurka A, Palac-Walko B (2021) Resultant axial stresses in instrumented rockbolts induced by dynamic effects occurred due to multi-face blasting in the working areas. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 116:104088. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TUST.2021.104088
Ren FF, Yang ZJ, Chen JF, Chen WW (2010) An analytical analysis of the full-range behaviour of grouted rock bolts based on a tri-linear bond-slip mode1. Constr Build Mater 24(3):361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.021
Singh P, Spearing AJ (2021) An improved analytical model for the elastic and plastic strain-hardening shear behaviour of fully grouted rockbolts. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54:3909–3925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02439-6
Stillborg B (1984) Experimental investigation of steel cables for rock reinforcement in hard rock. Lulea University of Technology, Sweden
Wijk G (1978) A theoretieal remark on the stress field around Prestressed rock Bolts. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 15(6):289–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)91469-9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, X., Ma, Z. Mechanical behavior analysis of vertical fully grouted anchor under pullout load. Arab J Geosci 16, 135 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11220-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11220-8