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Manipulation of plant growth stimulants on plant morphology, phenology, and disease incident of Gossypium hirsutum L. under various thermal regimes

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Abstract

Different environmental conditions affect the phenology and insect/disease incidence in cotton crop. Studies on modulatory role of plant growth stimulants on cotton phenology, insect/disease incidence, and the bolls opening under various thermal regimes/sowing dates under field conditions are lacking. In this study, different growth stimulants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2-30 ppm), salicylic acid (SA-50 ppm), moringa leaf extract (MLE-30 times diluted), and ascorbic acid (AsA-70 ppm), were applied at squaring, flowering, and boll formation. June/late thermal regime showed higher incidence of CLCV, insect-infected bolls, and unopened bolls than April/early and May/normal sowing dates. Among the biostimulants, foliar spray of H2O2 and SA (averaged across) reduced the incidence of CLCV, cotton boll worms, and unopened bolls by 25%, 30%, and 29% in June thermal regime than water-treated plants of respective sowing date. April thermal regime took more days for the accumulation of required growing degree days for all phenological components, i.e., days to squaring, flowering, boll splition, boll maturation period, and node number for first fruiting branch, while June thermal regime took less days to initiate these phenological stages. Foliar spray of H2O2 and SA (averaged across) increased earliness at squaring and flowering by 12% and 7%, respectively under April thermal regime while MLE and AsA delayed earliness. The results indicate that exogenous application of SA and H2O2 could improve cotton phenology but reduce the insect and disease incidence under field conditions.

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Data Availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials. Raw data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ASA:

Ascorbic acid

CLCV:

Cotton leaf curl virus

DS:

Days to squaring

DF:

Days to flowering

DBS:

Days to boll splition

BMP:

Boll maturation period

DD:

Degree days

GDD:

Growing degree days

HFFB:

Height for first fruiting branch

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HU:

Heat units

MLE:

Moringa Leaf extract

NFFB:

Node number for first fruiting branch

NAWF:

Node above white flower

NACB:

Node above cracked bolls

UOB:

Number of unopened bolls

OB:

Number of opened bolls

SA:

Salicylic acid

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Acknowledgements

The co-author from Saudi Arabia would like to thank the deanship of scientific research at Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia, for supporting the publication of this research work. The authors are highly thankful to the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; the Analytical Lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, for providing technical support.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sarwar, Muhammad Farrukh Saleem, Muhammad Ashfaq Wahid & Hamza Maqsood

  2. Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan

    Basharat Ali, Muhammad Sagir & Muhammad Bilal Tahir

  3. Agronomic Research Station, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shahid

  4. Department of Crop Science, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, 1825, Democratic Republic of Congo

    Theodore M. Mwamba

  5. Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Bilal Ahmad Khan

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Contributions

Conceptualization: Muhammad Sarwar, Basharat Ali, and Muhammad F. Saleem; data curation: Muhammad Sarwar, Muhammad A. Wahid; germplasm acquisition: M. Shahid; formal analysis: M. Bilal Tahir and M.B. Khan; investigation: M. Sagir and T.M. Mwamba; methodology: Muhammad Sarwar and Basharat Ali; supervision: Basharat Ali, M.B. Khan, and Muhammad F. Saleem; writing — original draft: M.B. Khan, Basharat Ali, M. Bilal Tahir, M. Sagir, Muhammad F. Saleem; writing — review and editing: Basharat Ali and Muhammad F. Saleem. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Sarwar, M., Saleem, M.F., Ali, B. et al. Manipulation of plant growth stimulants on plant morphology, phenology, and disease incident of Gossypium hirsutum L. under various thermal regimes. Arab J Geosci 16, 170 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11183-w

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