Abstract
Recently, using rocks, especially limestone, in the facades of buildings has become pervasive due to its characteristics such as hardness, insulation, and aesthetic view. Meanwhile, interest in building insulation materials has been increased to prevent indoor humidity of building walls and provide thermal comfort with less energy usage. As a result, many insulation materials have recently emerged, including the coating material used to isolate the stone facades after being built. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of the silicon coating material on the insulation properties, represented by water absorption and thermal conductivity, on limestone building stones. This material showed positive results in reducing the stone’s absorption of water, reducing the absorption up to 53%, where the absorption capacity decreases with increasing the thickness of the coating material on the rock’s surface. Correlations between thermal conductivity and rock’s porosity, density, and hardness were also presented. The results showed that the effect of the coating material on the thermal conductivity varied according to the hardness of the stones.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-10428-4/MediaObjects/12517_2022_10428_Fig13_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Jdayil B, Mourad A-H, Hittini W et al (2019) Traditional, state-of-the-art and renewable thermal building insulation materials: an overview. Constr Build Mater 214:709–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.102
Aditya L, Mahlia TMI, Rismanchi B et al (2017) A review on insulation materials for energy conservation in buildings. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 73:1352–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.034
Ahadi M, Andisheh-Tadbir M, Tam M, Bahrami M (2016) An improved transient plane source method for measuring thermal conductivity of thin films: deconvoluting thermal contact resistance. Int J Heat Mass Transf 96:371–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.037
Aksogan O, Resatoglu R, Binici H (2018) An environment friendly new insulation material involving waste newsprint papers reinforced by cane stalks. J Build Eng 15:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.10.011
Al-Sanea SA, Zedan MF, Al-Hussain SN (2012) Effect of thermal mass on performance of insulated building walls and the concept of energy savings potential. Appl Energy 89:430–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.08.009
Arundel AV, Sterling EM, Biggin JH, Sterling TD (1986) Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments. Environ Health Perspect 65:351–361. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8665351
ASTM International - ASTM D4543-19 (2019) Standard Practices for Preparing Rock Core as Cylindrical Test Specimens and Verifying Conformance to Dimensional and Shape Tolerances
ASTM International - ASTM D5873-14 (2014) Standard test method for determination of rock hardness by rebound hammer method
Barreca F, Fichera CR (2013) Use of olive stone as an additive in cement lime mortar to improve thermal insulation. Energy Build 62:507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.03.040
Cabeza LF, Castell A, Medrano M et al (2010) Experimental study on the performance of insulation materials in Mediterranean construction. Energy Build 42:630–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.10.033
Çengel YA (2003) Heat transfer: a practical approach, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, Boston
Chen T-G, Yu P, Chou R-H, Pan C-L (2010) Phonon thermal conductivity suppression of bulk silicon nanowire composites for efficient thermoelectric conversion. Opt Express 18:A467. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.00a467
Dixon G, Abdel-Salam T, Kauffmann P (2010) Evaluation of the effectiveness of an energy efficiency program for new home construction in eastern North Carolina. Energy 35:1491–1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.12.006
EURIMA (2007) U-values for better energy performance of buildings (Ecofys VII). Rep EURIMA-European Insul Manuf Assoc 1–104
FARIMA (1996) Insulation incentives: a submission to the Federal Ministers for The Environment; Resources and Energy on Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection. Fibreglass Rockwool Insul Manuf Assoc Aust
He Y (2005) Rapid thermal conductivity measurement with a hot disk sensor: Part 1. Theoretical Considerations Thermochim Acta 436:122–129
Disk H (2014) Hot disk thermal constants analyser-instruction manual. Hot Disk AB Uppsala, Sweden
Hui SCM (2000) Building energy efficiency standards in Hong Kong and mainland China. In: Proceedings ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Pacific Grove, California, USA, pp 20–25
ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics) (1979) Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity, density, absorption and related properties and swelling and slakedurability index properties. Int J Rock Mechanics Mining Sci 16 (2):141–156
ISRM (2007) The ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 2007–2014. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07713-0
Kim S, Seo J, Cha J, Kim S (2013) Chemical retreating for gel-typed aerogel and insulation performance of cement containing aerogel. Constr Build Mater 40:501–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.046
Kumar S, Arun Prakash S, Pandiyarajan V, et al (2019) Effect of phase change material integration in clay hollow brick composite in building envelope for thermal management of energy efficient buildings. 43:351–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744259119867462
Lachheb A, Allouhi A, El Marhoune M et al (2019) Thermal insulation improvement in construction materials by adding spent coffee grounds: an experimental and simulation study. J Clean Prod 209:1411–1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.140
Lakatos Á, Kalmár F (2012) Analysis of water sorption and thermal conductivity of expanded polystyrene insulation materials. Build Serv Eng Res Technol 34:407–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624412462043
Lau LC, Tan KT, Lee KT, Mohamed AR (2009) A comparative study on the energy policies in Japan and Malaysia in fulfilling their nations’ obligations towards the Kyoto Protocol. Energy Policy 37:4771–4778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.034
Malaysia Insulation Manufracturer Group M (2010) http://www.mimg.org.my
Marques DV, Barcelos RL, Silva HRT et al (2018) Recycled polyethylene terephthalate-based boards for thermal-acoustic insulation. J Clean Prod 189:251–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.069
Mirzanamadi R, Johansson P, Grammatikos SA (2018) Thermal properties of asphalt concrete: a numerical and experimental study. Constr Build Mater 158:774–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.068
Naghoj NM, Youssef NAR, Maaitah ON (2010) Mechanical properties of natural building stone: jordanian building limestone as an example. Jordan J Earth Environ Sci 3(1):37–48
Sharo AA, Taamneh MO, Alawneh AS, Nuseir OK, Rababeh SR (2022) P Wave Velocity of Limestone Influenced by Saturation: Experimental Study. Int Rev Civ Eng (I.RE.C.E.) 13(2):108–117. https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v13i2.20833
Oh TH, Chua SC (2010) Energy efficiency and carbon trading potential in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:2095–2103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.029
Ong HC, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH (2011) A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.043
Ozel M (2011) Thermal performance and optimum insulation thickness of building walls with different structure materials. Appl Therm Eng 31:3854–3863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.033
Powell RW, Ho CY, Liley PE (1966) Thermal conductivity of selected materials (Vol. 8, p. 1966). Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards
Schiavoni S, D׳Alessandro F, Bianchi F, Asdrubali F (2016) Insulation materials for the building sector: a review and comparative analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 62:988–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.045
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sharo, A.A., Taamneh, M.O. & Rabab’ah, S.R. Enhancing insulation properties of building stones. Arab J Geosci 15, 1381 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10428-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10428-4