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Phenomena, factors of wax deposition and its management strategies

  • Review Paper
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Abstract

Flow assurance is one of the main concerns of oil industry both in the upstream and downstream operations. Among various flow assurance problems, wax deposition is a major one that may take place in reservoir, subsurface, surface facilities, pipelines and storage tanks. In order to prevent wax deposition, it is necessary to understand the mechanism and associated factors that contribute towards this problem. Knowing the importance of this matter, worldwide researches were carried out regarding this subject. In this paper, a detailed review is presented covering all aspects including wax and its types, mechanism, effect of factors: temperature, pressure, composition, and velocity of fluid; wax deposition rate and mitigation strategies of wax deposition. The review also contains the advantages and limitations of treatment methods.

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Abbreviations

k f :

Thermal conductivity of oil and condensate

D wo :

Binary diffusion coefficient of wax in oil

\(\frac{dT}{dr},\frac{dC}{dr}\) :

Temperature and concentration gradient

J ′′ :

Mass flux

q ′′ :

Heat flux

P:

Preventive approach

C:

Corrective approach

WAT:

Wax appearance temperature

VIT:

Vacuum insulated tubing

PPD:

Pour point depressants

WI:

Wax inhibitors

PIGs:

Pipeline integrity/pipelines-inspection gauges

NGL:

Natural gas liquid

FMT:

Film mass and transfer

RRR:

Rygg, Rydahl, and Rønningsen

MD:

Molecular diffusion

BD:

Brownian diffusion

SD:

Shear dispersion

CPM:

Cross-polar microscopy

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  1. Department of Petroleum Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

    Syed Imran Ali, Shaine Mohammadali Lalji, Javed Haneef, Muhammad Arqam Khan, Mohsin Yousufi & Abdus Saboor

  2. Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Nimra Yousaf

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Ali, S.I., Lalji, S.M., Haneef, J. et al. Phenomena, factors of wax deposition and its management strategies. Arab J Geosci 15, 133 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09221-6

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