Abstract
The spontaneous combustion of coal in oxygen environment changes the physical and mechanical properties and pore structure of rock and soil. In north of Shaanxi, the Quaternary loess is widely deposited on coal seam. In order to explore the influence of different factors on the change of loess properties after coal fire baking, loess samples with different initial water contents and salt contents were selected for high-temperature sintering. The effects of water content and salinity on the porosity and resistivity of loess after high-temperature baking were analyzed by basic physical property test, resistivity test and nuclear magnetic resonance test. The results show that, under the influence of coal fire, the porosity and main pore size increased with water content or salinity. With the increase of porosity, the resistivity first decreases and then increases. This paper systematically studies the influence of high temperature on the physical properties of loess under different conditions, which provides a reference for studying the effect of coal fire on loess in north of Shaanxi.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abad I, Sánchez-Gómez M, Reolid M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno VL (2019) Pyrometamorphic rocks in the Molinicos Basin (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): insights into the generation of cordierite paralavas. Minerals 9(12):748. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9120748
Abu-Hassanein ZS, Benson CH, Blotz LR (1996) Electrical resistivity of compacted clays. J Geotech Eng 122(5):397–406. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:5(397)
Ajmera B, Tiwari B, Ostrova F (2018) Influence of salinity of pore fluid on the undrained shear strength of clays. IFCEE 2018:94–102. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481585.010
Benaventure CDGD, Fort O (1999) Thermodynamic modelling of changes induced by salt pressure crystallisation in porous media of stone. J Cryst Growth 204(1-2):168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00163-3
Bentor YK, Kastner M, Perlman I (1981) Combustion metamorphism of bituminous sediments and the formation of melts of granitic and sedimentary composition. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45(11):2229–2255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90074-0
Chen B, Wang Y, Marco F, Duan X, Li K, Yu Y, Wang M, Shi Z (2020) Petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of combustion metamorphic rocks in the northeastern Ordos Basin, China: implications for the origin of “White Sandstone”. Minerals, 10(12), 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/MIN10121086
Duan Z, Cheng WC, Peng JB, Rahman MM, Tang H (2021) Interactions of landslide deposit with terrace sediments: perspectives from velocity of deposit movement and apparent friction angle. Eng Geol 105913:105913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105913
Fischer C, Gaupp R (2004) Multi-scale rock surface area quantification—a systematic method to evaluate the reactive surface area of rocks. Chemie der Erde—Geochemistry 64(3):241–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2003.12.002
Fu JT, Hu XS, Li XL, Yu DM, Liu YB, Yang YQ, Qi ZX, Li SX (2019) Influences of soil moisture and salt content on loess shear strength in the Xining Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Mt Sci 16(5):1184–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-5206-9
Fukue M, Minato T, Horibe H, Taya N (1999) The microstructures of clay given by resistivity measurements. Eng Geol 54(1-2):43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00060-5
Hamed J, Acar YB, Gale RJ (1991) Pb(II) removal from kaolinite by electrokinetics. J Geotech Eng 117(2):241–271. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:2(241)
Han LH, Liu SY, Du YJ (2006) New method for testing contaminated soil—electrical resistivity method. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 28(8):1028–1032. https://doi.org/10.1360/aps050121/
Khoury HN (2020a) High- and low-temperature mineral phases from the pyrometamorphic rocks, jordan. Arab J Geosci 13(15):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05691-2
Khoury HN (2020b) Geochemistry of rare earth elements (REE) and redox sensitive elements (RSE) of pyrometamorphic rocks, Central Jordan. Arab J Geosci 13(4):174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5185-3
Kiefer T, Füssl J, Kariem H, Konnerth J, Hellmich C (2020) A multi-scale material model for the estimation of the transversely isotropic thermal conductivity tensor of fired clay bricks. J Eur Ceram Soc 40(15):6200–6217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.05.018
Kuenzer C, Stracher GB (2012) Geomorphology of coal seam fires. Geomorphology 138(1):209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.09.004
Lei XY (1988) The types of loess pores in China and their relationship with collapsibility. Sci China Series B 31(11):1398–1411 (in Chinese)
Li J, Li B (2017a) Evolution features of coal matrix porosity with the variation in temperature and stress. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 191:012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/191/1/012050
Li X, Li L (2017b) Quantification of the pore structures of malan loess and the effects on loess permeability and environmental significance, Shaanxi Province, China: an experimental study. Environ Earth Sci 76(15):523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6855-7
Li QW, Xiao Y, Zhong KQ, Shu CM, Wu S (2020) Overview of commonly used materials for coal spontaneous combustion prevention. Fuel 275:117981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117981
Liu H, Jiel T, Li B, Deng Y, Qiu C (2017) Study of the low-frequency dispersion of permittivity and resistivity in tight rocks. J Appl Geophys 143:141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.05.018
Lyu C, Sun Q, Zhang W, Hao S (2019) Effects of NaCl concentration on electrical resistivity of clay with cooling. J Appl Geophys 170:103843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103843
Moritsuka N, Kawamura K, Tsujimoto Y, Rabenarivo M, Andriamananjara A, Rakotoson T, Razafimbelo T (2019) Comparison of visual and instrumental measurements of soil color with different low-cost colorimeters. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 65(6):605–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2019.1676624
Ondrášik M, Kopecky M (2014) Rock pore structure as main reason of rock deterioration. Studia Geotechnica Et Mechanica 36(1):79–88. https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2014-0010
Querol X, Izquierdo M, Monfort E, Alvarez E, Font O, Moreno T, Alastuey A, Zhuang X, Lu W, Wang Y (2008) Environmental characterization of burnt coal gangue banks at Yangquan, Shanxi Province. China Int J Coal Geol 75(2):93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.04.003
Revil A (2013) Effective conductivity and permittivity of unsaturated porous materials in the frequency range 1 mhz-1ghz. Water Resour Res 49(1):306–327. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012700
Ribeiro J, Silva EFD, Flores D (2010) Burning of coal waste piles from Douro Coalfield (Portugal): petrological, geochemical and mineralogical characterization. Int J Coal Geol 81(4):359–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.10.005
Rinaldi VA, Cuestas GA (2002) Ohmic conductivity of a compacted silty clay. J Geotech Geoenviron 128(10):824–835. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:10(824)
Ruan S, Liang S, Kastiukas G, Zhu W, Zhou X (2020) Solidification of waste excavation clay using reactive magnesia, quicklime, sodium carbonate and early-age oven curing. Constr Build Mater 258:120333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120333
Savina EA, Peretyazhko IS, Khromova EA, Glushkova VE (2020) Melted rocks (clinkers and paralavas) from the Khamaryn–Khural–Khiid combustion metamorphic complex in eastern mongolia: mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis. Petrology 28(5):431–457. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869591120050057
Sha AM, Chen KS (2006) Relationship between collapsibility and microstructure of compacted loess. Journal of Chang’an University (Natural Science Edition) 26(4):1–4 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1671-8879.2006.04.001
Shao S, Li Y, Zhou F (2004) Structural damage evolvement properties of collapsible loess. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 24:4161–4165 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2004.24.012
Sokol EV, Kokh SN, Seryotkin YV, Deviatiiarova AS, Goryainov SV, Sharygin VV, Artemyev DA (2020) Ultrahigh-temperature sphalerite from Zn-Cd-Se-Rich combustion metamorphic marbles, Daba Complex, Central Jordan: paragenesis, chemistry, and structure. Minerals, 10(9):822. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10090822
Song Z, Kuenzer C (2014) Coal fires in China over the last decade: a comprehensive review. Int J Coal Geol 133:72–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2014.09.004
Stracher GB (2007) Coal fires burning around the world: opportunity for innovative and interdisciplinary research. GSA Today 17(11):36
Stracher GB, Taylor TP (2004) Coal fires burning out of control around the world: thermodynamic recipe for environmental catastrophe. Int J Coal Geol 59(1–2):7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.03.002
Teixeira ER, Machado G, Junior AD, Guarnier C, Fernandes J, Silva SM, Mateus R (2020) Mechanical and thermal performance characterisation of compressed earth blocks. Energies 13(11):2978. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112978
Tiwari B, Tuladhar GR, Marui H (2005) Variation in residual shear strength of the soil with the salinity of pore fluid. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 131(12):1445–1456. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE1090-02412005131:121445
Wang J, Liu W, Chen W, Liu P, Jia B, Xu H, Wen L (2019) Study on the mechanism of loess landslide induced by chlorine salt in Heifangtai terran. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 7(2):159–167. https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v07.024
Wardeh G, Perrin B (2008) Freezing-thawing phenomena in firedclay materials and consequences on their durability. Constr Build Mater 22(5):820–828 0950-0618(2008)22:5<820:FTPIFC>2.0.TX;2-5
Yan XS, Duan Z, Sun Q (2021) Influences of water and salt contents on the thermal conductivity of loess. Environ Earth Sci, 80(2), 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09335-2
Yao Y, Liu D, Che Y, Tang D, Tang S, Huang W (2010) Petrophysical characterization of coals by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr). Fuel 89(7):1371–1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.005
Zeng W, Huang Z, Wu Y, Li SJ, Zhang R, Zhao K (2020) Experimental investigation on mining-induced strain and failure characteristics of rock masses of mine floor. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 11(1):491–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2020.1734102
Zhai X, Wu S, Wang K, Drebenstedt C, Zhao J (2017) Environment influences and extinguish technology of spontaneous combustion of coal gangue heap of Baijigou coal mine in China. Energy Procedia 136:66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.326
Zhang F, Wang G, Kamai T, Chen W, Zhang D, Yang J (2013) Undrained shear behavior of loess saturated with different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. Eng Geol 155(6):69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.12.018
Zhang D, Cao Z, Fan L, Liu S, Liu W (2014) Evaluation of the influence of salt concentration on cement stabilized clay by electrical resistivity measurement method. Eng Geol 170:80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.010
Zhang Y, Zhang XQ, Hower JC, Hu SR (2020) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of pyrometamorphic rocks induced by coal fires in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 213:106511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2020.106511
Wang T, Sun Q, Jia HL, Ren JT, Luo T (2021) Linking the mechanical properties of frozen sandstone to phase composition of pore water measured by LF-NMR at subzero temperatures. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80(6):4501–4513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02224-3
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41702334, 41972288) and the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (No. KF2021-7).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xue, ., Sun, Q., Jia, H. et al. Effects of water content and salinity on the porosity structure and resistivity of loess soil sintered at 1000 °C. Arab J Geosci 14, 1446 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07883-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07883-w