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Statistical analysis and temporal trend of annual maximum temperature with teleconnection patterns of different stations in Pakistan

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Abstract

Human and natural physical-caused climate variation can affect climate extremes, also called maximum high temperature. The change of the inter-annual maximum temperatures has been studied between1981 to 2016. Annual Maximum Temperatures (AMT) data consists of the temperature study of 36 years. The analysis of the correlation between the Badin, Karachi, Quetta, Lahore, and Peshawar, Islamabad temperature data and the explanatory variable such as Global Annual Mean-Land-Ocean Temperature Index (GAMLOTI), annual carbon dioxide (ACD), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) teleconnection arrangement in annual maximum temperature indicated between explanatory variable is significant. Therefore, the correlation between the Badin (AMT) and the GAMLOTI is significant with the relationship of correlation coefficient 0.127 at the level of significance 0.05, and the index of NAO is negative significant correlation (r =−0.151), and the correlation between Islamabad and Karachi’s annual maximum temperature and the explanatory variable is insignificant. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the whole effect of global annual change means land-ocean temperature index GAMLOTI, the annual concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide ACD, and the north Atlantic oscillation NAO index on the temporal variabilities of Badin, Quetta, Islamabad, Karachi, and Peshawar during the 36-year period. The variations occur R2 45.7%, 51.3%, 43.1%, 46%, and 48.1%. The relationship between the AMT and the GAMLOTI and the annual concentration of ACD represent the global warming, mostly effects on the variability of AMT.

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Acknowledgements

We thank our respected reviewers and especially Yejuan Wang for their valuable comments and suggestions that helped us to improve this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Gansu Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Complex Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Tasir Khan & Yejuan Wang

  2. CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Naiming Yuan

  3. School of Statistics, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, 116025, Liaoning, China

    Abdullah

  4. School of Environment and Ecology Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People’s Republic of China

    Muhammad Salam

  5. School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China

    Fakhri Alam

  6. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Qasim Shah

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  1. Tasir Khan
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  2. Yejuan Wang
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  3. Naiming Yuan
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  4. Abdullah
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Correspondence to Yejuan Wang.

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Khan, T., Wang, Y., Yuan, N. et al. Statistical analysis and temporal trend of annual maximum temperature with teleconnection patterns of different stations in Pakistan. Arab J Geosci 14, 1458 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07834-5

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