Abstract
Geothermal energy production and consumption is one of the world’s top priorities as it ensures sustainable developments via steady yield of renewable energy and helps to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and air pollution levels. The objective of this study is to critically assess geothermal energy prospects in terms of number of proven geothermal reservoirs, thermal energy capacities, and potential areas of utilization across thirteen Middle East countries (MECs). The findings from this study show that most oil-rich MECs have not adequately explored/exploited their geothermal resources as evidenced by lack of research and exploration activities. It was found that the current geothermal reservoirs/resources across all the MECs are mostly medium (100–150 °C) and low (< 100 °C) enthalpy reservoirs, except Turkey, Iran, and Yemen which have exhibited some high (>150 °C) enthalpy geothermal fields. For low/depleted oil and gas reserves countries, full exploitation of geothermal energy is deemed as one of the options to meet their energy demands. In order to fully optimize the geothermal energy productions, it is imperative for these countries to employ advanced geothermal energy production technologies (GEPTs). MECs could learn the experiences of Europe and US to develop their own GEPTs including national and regional strategies and policy frameworks to help fully harness these valuable geothermal resources. These targets are possible through research, trainings, and international collaborations.
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Abbreviations
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- EGS:
-
Enhanced geothermal system
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gas
- GDP:
-
Gross domestic product
- IRENA:
-
International Renewable Energy Agency
- KSA:
-
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- ORC:
-
Organic rankine cycle
- RO:
-
Reverse osmosis
- UAE:
-
United Arab Emirates
- US$:
-
United States Dollars
- GWh:
-
Giga watt hours
- J:
-
Joule
- kWe:
-
Kilowatt electrical
- kWh:
-
Kilowatt hours
- kW:
-
Kilowatt
- kg/s:
-
Kilogram per seconds
- km:
-
Kilometer
- km2 :
-
Kilosquare meter
- kJ:
-
Kilojoule
- kg:
-
Kilogram
- ME:
-
Middle East
- MECs:
-
Middle East countries
- MJ/m3 :
-
Mega Joule per cubic meter
- Mt:
-
Metric ton
- MW:
-
Megawatt
- MWe:
-
Megawatt electrical
- MWt:
-
Megawatt thermal
- mW/m2 :
-
Milliwatt per square meter
- μW/m3 :
-
Microwatt per cubic meter
- TWh:
-
Terawatt hour
- US$:
-
United States Dollars
- W/m2 :
-
Watts per square meter
- °C/km:
-
Degree Celsius per kilometer
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The authors would like to acknowledge the support of British Petroleum Oman by grant# BP/DVC/WRC/18/01. The authors extend appreciation to the SQU research Group DR/RG/17.
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Amoatey, P., Chen, M., Al-Maktoumi, A. et al. A review of geothermal energy status and potentials in Middle-East countries. Arab J Geosci 14, 245 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06648-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06648-9