Abstract
This study proposes a new method to obtain the lateral response of pile groups by incorporating the pile group effect in layered soils. When a pile is loaded laterally, it creates a zone of influence in the direction of loading. In a pile group, each pile placed in the influence zone of prior piles is exposed to extra loads due to the load transfers from other piles. This mechanism results in a group effect which causes each pile in the group to have a different deflection curve compared to that of an identical isolated single pile under the same load. This study starts with a mathematical approach to model the interaction of two piles and then extends it to pile groups. The governing differential equation of a pile deflection problem is modified to take the pile-soil-pile interaction into account and solved analytically for each pile while the soil parameters and displacement fields around each pile are obtained numerically using the finite difference method written in Fortran language. The model captures the additional pile deflections induced by the group effects in pile groups and the results match well with the results of the existing methods, especially the finite element method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdrabbo F, Gaaver K (2012) Simplified analysis of laterally loaded pile groups. Alex Eng J 51(2):121–127
Ai ZY, Feng DL (2014) Bem analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multi-layered transversely isotropic soils. Eng Anal Bound Elem 44:143–151
Ai ZY, Li ZX (2015) Dynamic analysis of a laterally loaded pile in a transversely isotropic multilayered half-space. Eng Anal Bound Elem 54:68–75
Ai ZY, Li ZX, Wang LH (2016) Dynamic response of a laterally loaded fixedhead pile group in a transversely isotropic multilayered half-space. J Sound Vib 385:171–183
Aşık MZ (1999) Dynamic response analysis of the machine foundations on a nonhomogeneous soil layer. Comput Geotech 24(2):141–153
Aşık MZ, Vallabhan C (2001) A simplified model for the analysis of machine foundations on a nonsaturated, elastic and linear soil layer. Comput Struct 79(31):2717–2726
Ashour M, Pilling P, Norris G (2004) Lateral behavior of pile groups in layered soils. J Geotech Geoenviron 130(6):580–592
Bahrami A, Nikraz H (2017) Generalized Winkler support properties for far field modeling of laterally vibrating piles. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 92:684–691
Banerjee PK, Driscoll RM (1976) Three-dimensional analysis of raked pile groups. Proc Inst Civ Eng 61(4):653–671
Basu D, Salgado R, Prezzi M (2009) A continuum-based model for analysis of laterally loaded piles in layered soils. G’eotechnique 59(2):127–140
Bonakdar L, Oumeraci H (2015) Pile group effect on the wave loading of a slender pile: a small-scale model study. Ocean Eng 108:449–461
Bransby MF (1996) Difference between load-transfer relationships for laterally loaded pile groups: active p - y or passive p -d. J Geotech Eng 122(12):1015–1018
Brown DA, Shie C-F (1991) Some numerical experiments with a three dimensional finite element model of a laterally loaded pile. Comput Geotech 12(2):149–162
Brown DA, Reese LC, O’Neill MW (1987) Cyclic lateral loading of a large-scale pile group. J Geotech Eng 113(11):1326–1343
Comodromos EM, Papadopoulou MC (2013) Explicit extension of the p-y method to pile groups in cohesive soils. Comput Geotech 47:28–41
Comodromos EM, Pitilakis KD (2005) Response evaluation for horizontally loaded fixed-head pile groups using 3-d non-linear analysis. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 29(6):597–625
Duncan JM, Evans LT, Ooi PSK (1994) Lateral load analysis of groups of piles and drilled shafts. J Geotech Eng 120(6):1034–1050
Elhakim AF, Khouly MAAE, Awad R (2016) Three dimensional modeling of laterally loaded pile groups resting in sand. HBRC J 12(1):78–87
Fan C-C, Long H, J. (2007) A modulus-multiplier approach for non-linear analysis of laterally loaded pile groups. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 31(9):1117–1145
Giannakos S, Gerolymos N, Gazetas G (2012) Cyclic lateral response of piles in dry sand: finite element modeling and validation. Comput Geotech 44:116–131
Guo P, Xiao Y, Kunnath S (2014) Performance of laterally loaded h-piles in sand. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 67:316–325
Heidari M, Naggar HE, Jahanandish M, Ghahramani A (2014) Generalized cyclic p-y curve modeling for analysis of laterally loaded piles. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 63:138–149
Ilyas T, Leung CF, Chow YK, Budi SS (2004) Centrifuge model study of laterally loaded pile groups in clay. J Geotech Geoenviron 130(3):274–283
Larsson S, Malm R, Charbit B, Ansell A (2012) Finite element modelling of laterally loaded lime-cement columns using a damage plasticity model. Comput Geotech 44:48–57
Law HK, Lam IP (2001) Application of periodic boundary for large pile group. J Geotech Geoenviron 127(10):889–892
Loria AFR, Vadrot A, Laloui L (2018) Analysis of the vertical displacement of energy pile groups. Geomech Energy Environ 16:1–14
Mamoon SM, Kaynia AM, Banerjee PK (1990) Frequency domain dynamic analysis of piles and pile groups. J Eng Mech 116(10):2237–2257
Matlock H, Ingram WB, Kelley AE, Bogard D et al (1980) Field tests of the lateral-load behavior of pile groups in soft clay. In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston. https://doi.org/10.4043/3871-MS
McVay M, Casper R, Shang T-I (1995) Lateral response of three-row groups in loose to dense sands at 3d and 5d pile spacing. J Geotech Eng 121(5):436–441
McVay M, Shang T, Casper R (1996) Centrifuge testing of fixed-head laterally loaded battered and plumb pile groups in sand. Geotech Test J 19(1):41–50
Meimon Y, Baguelin F, Jezequel J (1986) Pile group behaviour under long time lateral monotonic and cyclic loading. In: Proceedings, third international conference on numerical methods in offshore piling. Inst. Francais du Petrole, Nantes, France, pp 285–302
Moss RES, Caliendo JA, Anderson LR (1998) Investigation of a cyclic laterally loaded model pile group. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 17(7–8):519–523
Mylonakis G, Gazetas G (1999) Lateral vibration and internal forces of grouped piles in layered soil. J Geotech Geoenviron 125(1):16–25
Ooi PS, Chang BK, Wang S (2004) Simplified lateral load analyses of fixedhead piles and pile groups. J Geotech Geoenviron 130(11):1140–1151
Padron L, Aznarez J, Maeso O (2007) Bem-fem coupling model for the dynamic analysis of piles and pile groups. Eng Anal Bound Elem 31(6):473–484
Papadopoulou MC, Comodromos EM (2010) On the response prediction of horizontally loaded fixed-head pile groups in sands. Comput Geotech 37(7–8):930–941
Randolph MF, Wroth CP (1979) An analysis of the vertical deformation of pile groups. G’eotechnique 29(4):423–439
Rollins KM, Peterson KT, Weaver TJ (1998) Lateral load behavior of full-scale pile group in clay. J Geotech Geoenviron 124(6):468–478
Rollins KM, Olsen RJ, Egbert JJ, Jensen DH, Olsen KG, Garrett BH (2006) Pile spacing effects on lateral pile group behavior: load tests. J Geotech Geoenviron 132(10):1262–1271
Salgado R, Tehrani F, Prezzi M (2014) Analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multilayered elastic soil. Comput Geotech 62:136–153
Sen R, Davies TG, Banerjee PK (1985) Dynamic analysis of piles and pile groups embedded in homogeneous soils. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 13(1):53–65
Sun K (1994) A numerical method for laterally loaded piles. Comput Geotech 16(4):263–289
Tahghighi H, Konagai K (2007) Numerical analysis of nonlinear soil-pile group interaction under lateral loads. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 27(5):463–474
Wu G, Finn WL, Dowling J (2015) Quasi-3d analysis: validation by full 3d analysis and field tests on single piles and pile groups. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 78:61–70
Xu KJ, Poulos HG (2000) General elastic analysis of piles and pile groups. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 24(15):1109–1138
Yang Z, Jeremic B (2003) Numerical study of group effects for pile groups in sands. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 27(15):1255–1276
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Dr. Rodrigo Salgado for the valuable discussions on the single-pile analysis method.
Funding
The author acknowledges the funding by TUBITAK under Grant BIDEB 2232-116C087.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Isbuga, V. Modeling of pile-soil-pile interaction in laterally loaded pile groups embedded in linear elastic soil layers. Arab J Geosci 13, 322 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5229-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5229-8