Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the major limiting factors for agricultural production in the arid and semiarid regions. To understand salinity tolerance of canola, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of fertilizer (optimum nutrient, 500 mg kg−1 K, 2.4 mg kg−1 Zn, and 500 + 2.4 mg kg−1 K+Zn) and cultivar (Licord and Sarigol) on physiological attributes, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fvi, Fv/Fm ratio, and area), and the concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K/Na in the root and in the shoot. The statistical analysis revealed that 500 mg kg−1 K gives significantly higher Fv/Fm ratio and area, but significantly lower Ca in the roots and shoots of both cultivars. Regardless of the fertilizer, Sarigol gave higher Fv/Fm ratio. However, 2.4 mg kg−1 Zn gave the highest Fvi in Licord, but the lowest Fvi in Sarigol. In both cultivars, Ca in the root and in the shoot was significantly lower in 500 mg kg−1 K fertilizer. Optimum nutrient fertilizer applied to Sarigol cultivar gave the highest Mg in the root and in the shoot. K/Na values in the 8 combinations of fertilizer and cultivar were similar in the roots, but more variable in the shoots suggesting nutrient uptake differentials among the cultivars and the fertilizers. All in all, Sarigol cultivar and 500 mg kg−1 K fertilizer performed better. Furthermore, Fvi and Fv/Fm parameters were demonstrated to be low cost, simple, and efficient techniques for monitoring the effect of soil salinity stress on the physiology and chlorophyll fluorescence of canola cultivars.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- F i :
-
initial fluorescence level
- F o :
-
minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state
- F m :
-
maximal fluorescence yield from the dark-adapted leaves
- F v :
-
maximal variable fluorescence
- Fv/Fm :
-
maximum quantum yield of PSII
- NADPH and NADP+ :
-
reduced and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- O:
-
optimum nutrient level
- O-J-I-P:
-
fluorescence at O, J, I, and P step
- OP:
-
optimum nutrient level + twice the critical level of potassium
- OZ:
-
optimum nutrient level + twice the critical level of zinc
- OZP:
-
optimum nutrient level + twice the critical levels of zinc and potassium
- PEA:
-
plant efficiency analyzer
- PQ:
-
oxidized plastoquinone
- PSII:
-
Photosystem II
- QA:
-
first quinone electron acceptor of PSII
- QB:
-
second quinone electron acceptor of PSII
References
Abadia J, Millan E, Montanes L, Heras L (1980) DTPA and NH4HCO3-DTPA extractable Fe, Mn and Zn levels in the Ebro Valley. Anales de la Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei
Ahmad P, Kumar A, Ashraf M, Akram NA (2012) Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and oxidative defense system of three cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Afr J Biotechnol 11(11):2694–2703
Akram NA, Jamil A (2007) Appraisal of physiological and biochemical selection criteria for evaluation of salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.). Pak J Bot 39(5):1593–1608
Amjad M, Akhtar J, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Riaz MA, Saqib ZA, Murtaza B, Naeem MA (2016) Effectiveness of potassium in mitigating the salt-induced oxidative stress in contrasting tomato genotypes. J Plant Nutr 39(13):1926–1935
Appenroth K-J, Stöckel J, Srivastava A, Strasser R (2001) Multiple effects of chromate on the photosynthetic apparatus of Spirodela polyrhiza as probed by OJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Environ Pollut 115(1):49–64
Ashraf M, Ali Q (2008) Relative membrane permeability and activities of some antioxidant enzymes as the key determinants of salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.). Environ Exp Bot 63(1):266–273
Ashraf M, Harris P (2013) Photosynthesis under stressful environments: an overview. Photosynthetica 51(2):163–190
Ashraf M, McNeilly T (2004) Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit Rev Plant Sci 23(2):157–174
Baghbani-Arani A, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Mashhadi-Akbar-Boojar M, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A (2017) Towards improving the agronomic performance, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments in fenugreek using zeolite and vermicompost under deficit water stress. Ind Crop Prod 109:346–357
Bouyoucos GJ (1962) Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agron J 54(5):464–465
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS (1982) Nitrogen-total. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of soil analysis part 2: chemical and microbiological properties (pp 595–624). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI
Bybordi A (2010) The influence of salt stress on seed germination, growth and yield of canola cultivars. Not Bot Horti Agrobo 38(1):128–133
Cakmak I (2005) The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. J Plant Nutr Soil Sc 168(4):521–530
Cate RB, Nelson LA (1965) A rapid method for correlation of soil test analyses with plant response data. NC State University Agricultural Experiment, Station
Çiçek N, Oukarroum A, Strasser RJ, Schansker G (2018) Salt stress effects on the photosynthetic electron transport chain in two chickpea lines differing in their salt stress tolerance. Photosynth Res 136(3):291–301
Cotennie A (1980) Soil and plant testing as a basis of fertilizer recommendation. Vol. 38, p. 96, FAO Soil Bulletin, Rome
Dąbrowski P, Kalaji M, Baczewska A, Pawluśkiewicz B, Mastalerczuk G, Borawska-Jarmułowicz B, Paunov M, Goltsev V (2017) Delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence, MR 820, and gas exchange changes in perennial ryegrass under salt stress. J Lumin 183:322–333
Farouk S, Al-Amri SM (2019) Exogenous zinc forms counteract NaCl-induced damage by regulating the antioxidant system, osmotic adjustment substances and ions in canola (Brassica napus L. cv Pactol) plants. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 19:887–899
Farouk S, Arafa SA (2018) Mitigation of salinity stress in canola plants by sodium nitroprusside application. Span J Agric Res 16(3):e0802
Force L, Critchley C, van Rensen JJ (2003) New fluorescence parameters for monitoring photosynthesis in plants. Photosynth Res 78(1):17–33
Franić M, Galić V, Mazur M, Šimić D (2017) Effects of excess cadmium in soil on JIP-test parameters, hydrogen peroxide content and antioxidant activity in two maize inbreds and their hybrid. Photosynthetica 56(2):660–669
Habibi G (2017) Effects of high light and chilling stress on photosystem II efficiency of Aloe vera L. plants probing by chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Iran J Sci Technol A:1–7
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2013) Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages. In Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress (pp. 25-87). Springer, New York, NY
Helaly MN, Farouk S, Arafa SA, Amhimmid NB (2018) Inducing salinity tolerance of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants by chitosan or zeolite application. Asian J Adv Agric Res 5(4):1–20
Helmke PA, Sparks DL (1996) Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. In: Bigham JM (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3, Chemical methods (pp 551-574). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI
Hwang J-S, Choo Y-S (2017) Solute patterns and diurnal variation of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Korean coastal sand dune plants. Photosynthetica 55(1):107–120
Jamil M, Lee CC, Rehman SU, Lee DB, Ashraf M, Rha ES (2005) Salinity (NaCl) tolerance of Brassica species at germination and early seedling growth. Electronic J Environ Agric Food Chem 4(4):970–976
Jan AU, Hadi F, Nawaz MA, Rahman K (2017) Potassium and zinc increase tolerance to salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 116:139–149
Kalaji HM, Jajoo A, Oukarroum A, Brestic M, Zivcak M, Samborska IA, Cetner MD, Łukasik I, Goltsev V, Ladle RJ (2016) Chlorophyll a fluorescence as a tool to monitor physiological status of plants under abiotic stress conditions. Acta Physiol Plant 38(4):102
Kalaji HM, Schansker G, Brestic M, Bussotti F, Calatayud A, Ferroni L, Goltsev V, Guidi L, Jajoo A, Li P (2017) Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. Photosynth Res 132(1):13–66
Khadem-Moghadam N, Motesharezadeh B, Maali-Amiri R (2016) Changes in antioxidative systems and membrane stability index of canola in response to saline soil and fertilizer treatment application. Global Nest J 18(3):508–515
Lindsay WL, Norvell WA (1978) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42(3):421–428
Ma B, Morrison M, Voldeng H (1995) Leaf greenness and photosynthetic rates in soybean. Crop Sci 35(5):1411–1414
Mathobo R, Marais D, Steyn JM (2017) The effect of drought stress on yield, leaf gaseous exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agr Water Manage 180:118–125
McLean EO (1982) Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Kenney DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp 199–224
Montgomery DC (2020) Design and analysis of experiments, 10th edn. Wiley, New York
Munns R, Hare RA, James RA, Rebetzke GJ (2000) Genetic variation for improving the salt tolerance of durum wheat. Aust J Agric Res 51(1):69–74
Naeem M, Jin Z, Wan G, Liu D, Liu H, Yoneyama K, Zhou W (2010) 5-Aminolevulinic acid improves photosynthetic gas exchange capacity and ion uptake under salinity stress in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant Soil 332(1–2):405–415
Nath K, O’Donnell JP, Lu Y (2017) Chlorophyll fluorescence for high-throughput screening of plants during abiotic stress, aging, and genetic perturbation. In: Photosynthesis: structures, mechanisms, and applications (pp. 261-273). Springer, New York, NY
Nelson D, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of soil analysis part 2: chemical and microbiological properties (pp 539–579). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI
Omidi H, Khazaei F, Hamzi Alvanagh S, Heidari-Sharifabad H (2009) Improvement of seed germination traits in canola (Brassica napus L.) as affected by saline and drought stresses. Plant Ecophysiol 1(3):151–158
Penella C, Landi M, Guidi L, Nebauer SG, Pellegrini E, San Bautista A, Remorini D, Nali C, López-Galarza S, Calatayud A (2016) Salt-tolerant rootstock increases yield of pepper under salinity through maintenance of photosynthetic performance and sinks strength. J Plant Physiol 193:1–11
Petretto GL, Urgeghe PP, Massa D, Melito S (2019) Effect of salinity (NaCl) on plant growth, nutrient content, and glucosinolate hydrolysis products trends in rocket genotypes. Plant Physiol Biochem 141:30–39
Rhoades J (1996) Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: Bigham JM (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3, Chemical methods (pp 417-435). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI
Richards LA (1969) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington
Ryan J, Estefan G, Rashid A (2001) Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual, 2nd edn. International Center for Agriculture in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria
Sarkar D (2005) Physical and chemical methods in soil analysis. International, New Age
Sarkar R, Ray A (2016) Submergence-tolerant rice withstands complete submergence even in saline water: probing through chlorophyll a fluorescence induction OJIP transients. Photosynthetica 54(2):275–287
SAS Institute Inc (2014) SAS/STAT 9.4 user’s guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC
Singh R, Bhumbla D, Keefer R (1995) Recommended soil sulfate-S tests. Recommended soil testing procedures for the northeastern United States. Northeast Regional Bulletin 493:46–51
Stefanov M, Yotsova E, Rashkov G, Ivanova K, Markovska Y, Apostolova EL (2016) Effects of salinity on the photosynthetic apparatus of two Paulownia lines. Plant Physiol Bioch 101:54–59
Strasser RJ, Srivastava A (1995) Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in plants and cyanobacteria. Photochem Photobiol 61(1):32–42
Strasser RJ, Stirbet AD (2001) Estimation of the energetic connectivity of PS II centres in plants using the fluorescence rise O–J–I–P: fitting of experimental data to three different PS II models. Math Comput Simulat 56(4):451–462
Sudhir P, Murthy S (2004) Effects of salt stress on basic processes of photosynthesis. Photosynthetica 42(4):481–486
Sumner M, Miller W (1996) Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. Methods of soil analysis part 3—chemical methods (methodsofsoilan3):1201-1229
Termaat A, Munns R (1986) Use of concentrated macronutrient solutions to separate osmotic from NaCl-specific effects on plant growth. Funct Plant Biol 13(4):509–522
Thomas GW (1982) Exchangeable cations. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Kenney DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis part 2: chemical and microbiological properties (pp 159–165). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI
Torres CA, Sepúlveda A, Leon L, Yuri JA (2016) Early detection of sun injury on apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) through the use of crop water stress index and chlorophyll fluorescence. SCI Hortic-Amsterdam 211:336–342
Wahid A, Jamil A (2009) Inducing salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.) by exogenous application of glycinebetaine and proline: response at the initial growth stages. Pak J Bot 41(3):1311–1319
Weisany W, Sohrabi Y, Heidari G, Siosemardeh A, Ghassemi-Golezani K (2011) Physiological responses of soybean (‘Glycine max’ L.) to zinc application under salinity stress. Aust J Crop Sci 5(11):1441–1447
Weisany W, Sohrabi Y, Heidari G, Siosemardeh A, Ghassemi-Golezani K (2012) Changes in antioxidant enzymes activity and plant performance by salinity stress and zinc application in soybean (‘Glycine max’ L.). Plant Omics 5(2):60–67
Yan K, Shao H, Shao C, Chen P, Zhao S, Brestic M, Chen X (2013) Physiological adaptive mechanisms of plants grown in saline soil and implications for sustainable saline agriculture in coastal zone. Acta Physiol Plant 35(10):2867–2878
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Haroun Chenchoun
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khadem Moghadam, N., Motesharezadeh, B., Maali-Amiri, R. et al. Effects of potassium and zinc on physiology and chlorophyll fluorescence of two cultivars of canola grown under salinity stress. Arab J Geosci 13, 771 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05776-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05776-y