Abstract
3D digital photorealistic models (3DPM) are an approach by which real-world objects or settings, such as an outcrop site in the field, can be represented digitally on a computer from the convenience of one’s lab or office. Applications of this technology are many; for example, oil and gas companies have used such technology to analyze and visualize outcrops in order to enhance their studies in reservoir characterization. In addition, the technology can be used for educational purposes and virtual field trips without the expense or time consumption needed for an on-site visit. Hence, 3DPM can save time, effort, and money by allowing thorough study and interpretation of an outcrop to be done from an office or laboratory, including by experts who may be located anywhere in the world. However, creating high-resolution 3DPM is complex and time-consuming. Additionally, depending on the choice of 3D data capture method, there have been limitations regarding the maximum resolution and model detail that can be acquired. Herein, new techniques are described for improving the speed, accuracy, and quality of workflows to create 3DPM, specifically in the case of using LiDAR and independently collected photographs so as to achieve a maximum in photographic resolution (within millimeters) and quality. These techniques were developed to meet the real-life constraints of an actual project funded by a major oil company (Saudi Aramco). A novel approach for applying high focal length, high-resolution photographs as texture to a 3D model surface that is separately acquired by LiDAR is shown. The approach relies on integrating a camera that is robotically mounted and controlled separately from the laser scanner together with the novel use of an imaging total station to register the photographic and LiDAR data together. Additional improvements relating to photograph management, processing, and model quality are shown. Results are shown from a case study where very high-resolution (up to 2 millimeters photographical and 2 centimeters geometrical) photorealistic models in two locations of Saudi Arabia have been created, demonstrating with a real-life project how time, effort, and cost can be dramatically reduced.
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The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Saudi Aramco Upstream Development Center (UPDC) team for their support and for providing the vision which made this research happen.
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Alfarhan, M.S., Alhumimidi, M.S., Cline, J.R. et al. 3D digital photorealistic models from the field to the lab. Arab J Geosci 13, 550 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05517-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05517-1